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Siouan Languages
Siouan ( ), also known as Siouan–Catawban ( ), is a language family of North America located primarily in the Great Plains, Ohio and Mississippi valleys and southeastern North America with a few other languages in the east. Name Authors who call the entire family ''Siouan'' distinguish the two branches as Western Siouan and Eastern Siouan or as "Siouan-proper" and "Catawban". Others restrict the name "Siouan" to the western branch and use the name ''Siouan–Catawban'' for the entire family. Generally, however, the name "Siouan" is used without distinction. Family division The Siouan family consists of some 20 languages and various dialects: * Siouan ** Western Siouan *** Mandan **** Nuptare **** Nuetare *** Missouri River Siouan (a.k.a. Crow–Hidatsa) **** Crow (a.k.a. Absaroka, Apsaroka, Apsaalooke, Upsaroka) – 3,500 speakers **** Hidatsa (a.k.a. Minitari, Minnetaree) – 200 speakers *** Mississippi Valley Siouan (a.k.a. Central Siouan) **** Mitchigamea? **** ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Western Siouan Languages
The Western Siouan languages, also called Siouan proper or simply Siouan, are a large language family native to North America. They are closely related to the Catawban languages, sometimes called Eastern Siouan, and together with them constitute the Siouan (Siouan–Catawban) language family. Linguistic and historical records indicate a possible southern origin of the Siouan people, with migrations over a thousand years ago from North Carolina and Virginia to Ohio. Some continued down the Ohio River, to the Mississippi and up to the Missouri. Others went down the Mississippi, settling in what is now Alabama, Mississippi and Louisiana. Others traveled across Ohio to what is now Illinois, Wisconsin, and Minnesota, home of the Dakota. Family division The Siouan family proper consists of some 18 languages and various dialects: * Siouan ** Mandan *** Nuptare *** Nuetare ** Missouri River Siouan (a.k.a. Crow–Hidatsa) *** Crow (a.k.a. Absaroka, Apsaroka, Apsaalooke, Upsaroka) ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Lakota Language
Lakota ( ), also referred to as Lakhota, Teton or Teton Sioux, is a Siouan languages, Siouan language spoken by the Lakota people of the Sioux tribes. Lakota is mutually intelligible with the two dialects of the Dakota language, especially Dakota language#Comparison of the dialects, Western Dakota, and is one of the three major variety (linguistics), varieties of the Sioux language. Speakers of the Lakota language make up one of the largest Native American language speech communities in the United States, with approximately 2,000 speakers, who live mostly in the northern plains states of North Dakota and South Dakota. Many communities have immersion programs for both children and adults. Like many indigenous languages, the Lakota language did not have a written form traditionally. However, efforts to develop a written form of Lakota began, primarily through the work of Christian missionaries and linguists, in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. The orthography has since evol ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
North America
North America is a continent in the Northern Hemisphere, Northern and Western Hemisphere, Western hemispheres. North America is bordered to the north by the Arctic Ocean, to the east by the Atlantic Ocean, to the southeast by South America and the Caribbean Sea, and to the south and west by the Pacific Ocean. The region includes Middle America (Americas), Middle America (comprising the Caribbean, Central America, and Mexico) and Northern America. North America covers an area of about , representing approximately 16.5% of Earth's land area and 4.8% of its total surface area. It is the third-largest continent by size after Asia and Africa, and the list of continents and continental subregions by population, fourth-largest continent by population after Asia, Africa, and Europe. , North America's population was estimated as over 592 million people in list of sovereign states and dependent territories in North America, 23 independent states, or about 7.5% of the world's popula ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Winnebago Language
The Ho-Chunk language (), also known as Winnebago, is the language of the Ho-Chunk people of the Ho-Chunk Nation of Wisconsin and Winnebago Tribe of Nebraska. The language is part of the Siouan language family and is closely related to other Chiwere Siouan dialects, including those of the Iowa, Missouria, and Otoe. "Winnebago", a name now used for the Ho-Chunk who were forcibly removed to Nebraska, is an exonym, an Anglicization of the Sauk and Fox word ''Oinepegi''. The anglicized form of the endonym is "Ho-Chunk". Phonology Phonemic inventory Ho-Chunk's vowel sounds are distinguished by nasality and length. That is to say, the use of a nasal vowel or a long vowel affects a word's meaning. This is evident in examples such as compared to , and compared to . All of Ho-Chunk's vowels show a length distinction, but only have nasal counterparts. Ho-Chunk's consonants are listed in the following table: Typical of Mississippi Valley Siouan languages, Ho-Chunk ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Woccon Language
Woccon was one of two attested Catawban (also known as Eastern Siouan) languages of what is now the Eastern United States. Together with the Western Siouan languages, they formed the Siouan language family. It is attested only in a vocabulary of 143 words, printed in a 1709 compilation by English colonist John Lawson of Carolina. The Woccon people that Lawson encountered have been considered by some scholars, including John R. Swanton, to have possibly been a late subdivision of the Waccamaw. Contemporary linguists and researchers have been unable to resolve whether Woccon directly represents the language of the historic Waccamaw people, as opposed to representing a related Catawban language. The Woccon are believed to have been decimated as a people during the Tuscarora War in the Carolinas with English colonists in 1713. Survivors were likely absorbed into the Tuscarora, an Iroquoian-speaking people, who subsequently migrated north to New York, settling with the five na ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Catawba Language
Catawba () is one of two Eastern Siouan languages of the eastern US, which together with the Western Siouan languages formed the Siouan language family. The last native, fluent speaker of Catawba was Samuel Taylor Blue, who died in 1959.Thomas J. Blummer, ''Catawba Indian Nation: Treasures in History'' (The History Press, 2007), p. 101 The Catawba people are now working to revitalize and preserve the Catawba language. Phonology Consonants * // rarely occurs. * [] occurs as an allophone of //. Vowels : : : * Short vowel sounds // can be heard as lax, ranging to []. * // can range to [], and a short // can range to a back vowel sound []. Orthography A Catawba alphabet was created by the Catawba Language Project for the Catawba language, as part of a revitalization effort for the language and the creation of an app for it. * The aspirated is used in the word: 'thank you'. * The ⟨ʔ⟩ is written in different ways like ⟨ɂ⟩ and ⟨ˀ⟩ in some tex ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ofo Language
Ofo ( ), also known as Mosopelea, is a language formerly spoken by the Ofo people, also called the Mosopelea, in what is now Ohio, along the Ohio River, until about 1673. The tribe moved south along the Mississippi River to Mississippi, near the Natchez people, and then to Louisiana, settling near the Tunica. In the 18th century, the Mosopelea were known under the names ''Oufé'' and ''Offogoula''. On the basis of the presence of the phoneme /f/ in these names, early linguists once suspected that Ofo was a Muskogean language. However, anthropologist John R. Swanton met an elder Ofo speaker, Rosa Pierrette, in 1908 while he was conducting fieldwork among the Tunica. From her information, he was then able to confirm that the language was Siouan and was similar to Biloxi. Pierrette had spoken Ofo as a child, but Swanton says she told him that the rest of her tribe "had killed each other off" when she was 17. Phonology Ofo follows a process similar to Grassmann's law, with count ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Biloxi Language
Biloxi is an extinct Siouan language, formerly spoken by the Native American Biloxi tribe in present-day Mississippi, Louisiana, and southeastern Texas. History The Biloxi tribe first encountered Europeans in 1699, along the Pascagoula River. By the mid-18th century, they had settled in central Louisiana. Some Biloxi were also noted in Texas in the early 19th century. By the early 19th century, their numbers had already begun to dwindle. By 1934, the last native speaker, Emma Jackson, was in her eighties. Morris Swadesh and Mary Haas spoke with her in 1934 and confirmed that Jackson knew the language. Classification Biloxi is an Ohio Valley, or Southeastern, Siouan language. It is related to Ofo and Tutelo. Phonology Multiple possible inventories have been suggested. This article follows that of Einaudi (1976). Vowels Along with contrastive nasalization, Biloxi also has phonemic vowel length. Notes :A. May be either open-mid or close-mid. :B. Biloxi m ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Moneton
The Moneton were a historical Native Americans in the United States, Native American tribe from West Virginia. In the late 17th century, they lived in the Kanawha Valley near the Kanawha River, Kanawha and New River (Kanawha River), New Rivers. Name Their name translates to "Big Water" people. In the 1670s, Abraham Wood wrote their name "Moneton" and as another variant, "Monyton." Territory The Moneton lived in southern West Virginia, along the Kanawha River. Their settlements were near the Manahoac, Moneton, and Tutelo, Siouan language–speaking tribes of Virginia.John R. Swanton''Indian Tribes of North America'' p. 61. History The Moneton may have been a Fort Ancient culture,Rice and Brown, ''West Virginia'', p. 9. an Indigenous culture that thrived from 1000 to 1750 CE in the Ohio River Valley. They might have been related to the Shawnee, an Algonquian languages, Algonquian-speaking people. The first written mention of the Moneton was made by English settler Thomas ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Tutelo Language
Tutelo, also known as Tutelo– Saponi (), is a member of the Virginian branch of Siouan languages that were originally spoken in what is now Virginia and West Virginia in the United States. Most Tutelo speakers migrated north to escape warfare. They traveled through North Carolina, Pennsylvania, and New York. In 1753, the Tutelo had joined the Iroquois Confederacy under the sponsorship of the Cayuga. They finally settled in Ontario after the American Revolutionary War at what is now known as Six Nations of the Grand River First Nation. Nikonha, the last fluent speaker in Tutelo country, died in 1871 at age 106. The year before, he had managed to impart about 100 words of vocabulary to the ethnologist Horatio Hale, who had visited him at the Six Nations Reserve.Horatio Hale"Tutelo Tribe and Language" ''Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society'' 21, no. 114 (1883) Descendants living at Grand River Reserve in Ontario spoke Tutelo well into the 20th century. Linguis ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ohio Valley Siouan Languages
The Ohio Valley Siouan, or Southeastern Siouan, languages are a subfamily of the Western Siouan languages, far to the east and south of the Mississippi River. The group has Ofo and Biloxi, in the Lower Mississippi River valley, and Tutelo, historically spoken in Virginia, near the territory of the Catawban languages. All of the languages are now extinct. They are called "Ohio Valley Siouan" languages because of a speculative origin along the Ohio River, but only the Tutelo and the Saponi historically dwelled near there. They possibly migrated to the Roanoke River from the region of the Big Sandy River just prior to European contact. The Biloxi and the Ofo lived far to the south, along the Mississippi River. Charles F. Voegelin established, on the basis of linguistic evidence, that Catawban was very divergent from the other Siouan languages (only a minor fraction of the lexicon is obviously cognate, and it uses difficult-to-recognize personal pronouns and favors suppletion ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Quapaw Language
Quapaw, or Arkansas, is a Siouan language of the Quapaw people, originally from a region in present-day Arkansas. It is now spoken in Oklahoma. It is similar to the other Dhegihan languages: Kansa, Omaha, Osage and Ponca. Written documentation The Quapaw language is well-documented in field notes and publications from many individuals including by George Izard in 1827, by Lewis F. Hadly in 1882, from 19th-century linguist James Owen Dorsey, in 1940 by Frank Thomas Siebert, and, in the 1970s by linguist Robert Rankin. The Quapaw language does not conform well to English language phonetics, and a writing system for the language has not been formally adopted. All of the existing source material on the language utilizes different writing systems, making reading and understanding the language difficult for the novice learner. To address this issue, an online dictionary of the Quapaw language is being compiled which incorporates all of the existing source material known to exi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
