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Silicate
A silicate is any member of a family of polyatomic anions consisting of silicon and oxygen, usually with the general formula , where . The family includes orthosilicate (), metasilicate (), and pyrosilicate (, ). The name is also used for any salt of such anions, such as sodium metasilicate; or any ester containing the corresponding chemical group, such as tetramethyl orthosilicate. The name "silicate" is sometimes extended to any anions containing silicon, even if they do not fit the general formula or contain other atoms besides oxygen; such as hexafluorosilicate . Most commonly, silicates are encountered as silicate minerals. For diverse manufacturing, technological, and artistic needs, silicates are versatile materials, both natural (such as granite, gravel, and garnet) and artificial (such as Portland cement, ceramics, glass, and waterglass). Structural principles In most silicates, a silicon atom occupies the center of an idealized tetrahedron whose cor ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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Inosilicate
Silicate minerals are rock-forming minerals made up of silicate groups. They are the largest and most important class of minerals and make up approximately 90 percent of Earth's crust. In mineralogy, the crystalline forms of silica (silicon dioxide, ) are usually considered to be Silicate mineral#Tectosilicates, tectosilicates, and they are classified as such in the Dana system (75.1). However, the Nickel-Strunz system classifies them as oxide minerals (4.DA). Silica is found in nature as the mineral quartz, and its polymorphism (materials science), polymorphs. On Earth, a wide variety of silicate minerals occur in an even wider range of combinations as a result of the processes that have been forming and re-working the crust for billions of years. These processes include partial melting, crystallization, fractionation, metamorphism, weathering, and diagenesis. Living organisms also contribute to this carbonate–silicate cycle, geologic cycle. For example, a type of plankton ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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Pyrosilicate
A pyrosilicate is a type of chemical compound; either an ionic compound that contains the pyrosilicate anion , or an organic compound with the hexavalent ≡-O-≡ group. The anion is also called disilicateViktor Renman (2017): "Structural and Electrochemical Relations in Electrode Materials for Rechargeable Batteries", Doctoral Thesis, Uppsala University, Department of Chemistry. ORCID: 0000-0001-8739-4054 Structure The pyrosilicate anion can be described as two tetrahedra that share a vertex (an oxygen atom). The vertices that are not shared carry a negative charge each. The structure of solid sodium pyrosilicate was described by Volker Kahlenberg and others in 2010.Volker Kahlenberg, Thomas Langreiter, and Erik Arroyabe (2010): " – The Missing Structural Link among Alkali Pyrosilicates". ''Zeitschrift für anorganishe und allgemeine Chemie'' (''Journal for Inorganic and General Chemistry''), volume 636, issue 11, pages 1974-1979. Yuri Smolin and Yuri Shepelev determi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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Hexafluorosilicic Acid
Hexafluorosilicic acid is an inorganic compound with the chemical formula . Aqueous solutions of hexafluorosilicic acid consist of salts of the cation and hexafluorosilicate anion. These salts and their aqueous solutions are colorless. Hexafluorosilicic acid is produced naturally on a large scale in volcanoes.Palache, C., Berman, H., and Frondel, C. (1951) Dana’s System of Mineralogy, Volume II: Halides, Nitrates, Borates, Carbonates, Sulfates, Phosphates, Arsenates, Tungstates, Molybdates, etc. John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York, 7th edition.Anthony, J.W., Bideaux, R.A., Bladh, K.W., and Nichols, M.C. (1997) Handbook of Mineralogy, Volume III: Halides, Hydroxides, Oxides. Mineral Data Publishing, Tucson.Bararite It is manufactured as a coproduct in the production of phosphate fertilizers. The resulting hexafluorosilicic acid is almost exclusively consumed as a precursor to aluminum trifluoride and synthetic cryolite, which are used in aluminium processing. Salts derived f ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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Silicon
Silicon is a chemical element; it has symbol Si and atomic number 14. It is a hard, brittle crystalline solid with a blue-grey metallic lustre, and is a tetravalent metalloid (sometimes considered a non-metal) and semiconductor. It is a member of group 14 in the periodic table: carbon is above it; and germanium, tin, lead, and flerovium are below it. It is relatively unreactive. Silicon is a significant element that is essential for several physiological and metabolic processes in plants. Silicon is widely regarded as the predominant semiconductor material due to its versatile applications in various electrical devices such as transistors, solar cells, integrated circuits, and others. These may be due to its significant band gap, expansive optical transmission range, extensive absorption spectrum, surface roughening, and effective anti-reflection coating. Because of its high chemical affinity for oxygen, it was not until 1823 that Jöns Jakob Berzelius was first able to p ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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Sodium Metasilicate
Sodium metasilicate is the chemical substance with formula , which is the main component of commercial sodium silicate solutions. It is an ionic compound consisting of sodium cations and the polymeric metasilicate anions ��–sub>''n''. It is a colorless crystalline hygroscopic and deliquescent solid, soluble in water (giving an alkaline solution) but not in alcohols.Chemical Book"Sodium metasilicate" Accessed on 2018-05-13. Preparation and properties The anhydrous compound can be prepared by fusing silicon dioxide (silica, quartz) with sodium oxide in 1:1 molar ratio.J. F. Schairer and N. L. Bowen (1956): "The system ——". ''American Journal of Science'', volume 254, issue 3, pages 129-195 The compound crystallizes from solution as various hydrates, such as * pentahydrate ·5 (CAS 10213-79-3, EC 229-912-9, PubChem 57652358) * nonahydrate ·9 (CAS 13517-24-3, EC 229-912-9, PubChem 57654617)M. F. Bechtold (1955): "Polymerization and Properties of Dilute Aqueous Silicic ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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Orthosilicate
In chemistry, orthosilicate is the anion , or any of its salts and esters. It is one of the silicate anions. It is occasionally called the silicon tetroxide anion or group.C. A. Kumins, and A. E. Gessler (1953), "Short-Cycle Syntheses of Ultramarine Blue". ''Indunstrial & Engineering Chemistry'', volume 45, issue 3, pages 567–572. Orthosilicate salts, like sodium orthosilicate, are stable, and occur widely in nature as silicate minerals, being the defining feature of the nesosilicates. Olivine, a magnesium or iron(II) orthosilicate, is the most abundant mineral in the upper mantle. The orthosilicate anion is a strong base, the conjugate base of the extremely weak orthosilicic acid (p''K''a2 = 13.2 at 25 °C). This equilibrium is difficult to study since the acid tends to decompose into a hydrated silica condensate. Structure The orthosilicate ion or group has tetrahedral shape, with one silicon atom surrounded by four oxygen atoms. In the anion, each oxyge ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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Glass
Glass is an amorphous (non-crystalline solid, non-crystalline) solid. Because it is often transparency and translucency, transparent and chemically inert, glass has found widespread practical, technological, and decorative use in window panes, tableware, and optics. Some common objects made of glass are named after the material, e.g., a Tumbler (glass), "glass" for drinking, "glasses" for vision correction, and a "magnifying glass". Glass is most often formed by rapid cooling (quenching) of the Melting, molten form. Some glasses such as volcanic glass are naturally occurring, and obsidian has been used to make arrowheads and knives since the Stone Age. Archaeological evidence suggests glassmaking dates back to at least 3600 BC in Mesopotamia, Ancient Egypt, Egypt, or Syria. The earliest known glass objects were beads, perhaps created accidentally during metalworking or the production of faience, which is a form of pottery using lead glazes. Due to its ease of formability int ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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Metasilicate
320 px, Idealized structure of sodium metasilicate. Metasilicates are silicates containing ions of empirical formula . Common stoichiometries include MSiO3 and MIISiO3. Metasilicates can be cyclic, usually the hexamer or chains . Common compounds containing metasilicate anion are: * Inosilicates * Metasilicic acid (hydrogen metasilicate) * Sodium metasilicate * Calcium metasilicate References Silicon oxyanions {{Inorganic-compound-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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Olivine
The mineral olivine () is a magnesium iron Silicate minerals, silicate with the chemical formula . It is a type of Nesosilicates, nesosilicate or orthosilicate. The primary component of the Earth's upper mantle (Earth), upper mantle, it is a common mineral in Earth's subsurface, but weathers quickly on the surface. Olivine has many uses, such as the gemstone peridot (or chrysolite), as well as industrial applications like metalworking processes. The ratio of magnesium to iron varies between the two endmember (mineralogy), endmembers of the solid solution series: forsterite (Mg-endmember: ) and fayalite (Fe-endmember: ). Compositions of olivine are commonly expressed as Mole (unit), molar percentages of forsterite (Fo) and/or fayalite (Fa) (''e.g.'', Fo70Fa30, or just Fo70 with Fa30 implied). Forsterite's melting temperature is unusually high at atmospheric pressure, almost , while fayalite's is much lower – about . Melting temperature varies smoothly between the two end ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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Tetramethyl Orthosilicate
Tetramethyl orthosilicate (TMOS) is the chemical compound with the formula Si(OCH3)4. This molecule consists of four methoxy groups bonded to a silicon atom. The basic properties are similar to the more popular tetraethyl orthosilicate, which is usually preferred because the product of hydrolysis, ethanol, is less toxic than methanol. Tetramethyl orthosilicate hydrolyzes to SiO2: :Si(OCH3)4 + 2 H2O → SiO2 + 4 CH3OH In organic synthesis, Si(OCH3)4 has been used to convert ketones and aldehydes to the corresponding ketals and acetal In organic chemistry, an acetal is a functional group with the connectivity . Here, the R groups can be organic fragments (a carbon atom, with arbitrary other atoms attached to that) or hydrogen, while the R' groups must be organic fragments n ...s, respectively.Sakurai, H. "Silicon(IV) Methoxide" in Encyclopedia of Reagents for Organic Synthesis 2001 John Wiley & Sons. Safety The hydrolysis of Si(OCH3)4 produces insoluble SiO2 and ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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Pyroxene
The pyroxenes (commonly abbreviated Px) are a group of important rock-forming inosilicate minerals found in many igneous and metamorphic rocks. Pyroxenes have the general formula , where X represents ions of calcium (Ca), sodium (Na), iron (Fe(II)) or magnesium (Mg) and more rarely zinc, manganese or lithium, and Y represents ions of smaller size, such as chromium (Cr), aluminium (Al), magnesium (Mg), cobalt (Co), manganese (Mn), scandium (Sc), titanium (Ti), vanadium (V) or even iron (Fe(II) or Fe(III)). Although aluminium substitutes extensively for silicon in silicates such as feldspars and amphiboles, the substitution occurs only to a limited extent in most pyroxenes. They share a common structure consisting of single chains of silica tetrahedra. Pyroxenes that crystallize in the monoclinic system are known as clinopyroxenes and those that crystallize in the orthorhombic system are known as orthopyroxenes. The name ''pyroxene'' is derived from the Ancient Greek w ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |