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Sikandar Shahmiri
Sikandar Shah Miri (, ; 1353–31 May 1413), also known by his sobriquet Sikandar Butshikan (Literal translation, lit. Sikandar the Iconoclast), was the seventh Kashmir Sultanate, Sultan of Kashmir and a member of Shah Mir dynasty who ruled from 1389 until his death in 1413. Sources The only contemporaneous source that exists is the Rajatarangini (lit. Flow of Succession of Kings) by Jonaraja. Jonaraja was the Brahmin court-poet of Sikandar's successor Zayn al-Abidin the Great, Zain-ul-Abidin and was commissioned to continue Kalhana's Rajatarangini. One manuscript of his work—edited between 1561 and 1588 by an anonymous person using information from other sources—emends certain portions of the text in the margins; he is conventionally called (and the work, Ps-JRT) in scholarship. Extant Persian sources, including Baharistan-i-shahi (anon.), Tohfatu'l-Ahbab (anon.) and Tarikh-i-Kashmir#Surviving histories, Tarikh-i-Kashmir corpus, were written relatively later and dre ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sikandar Lodhi
Sikandar Khan Lodi (; 17 July 1458 – 21 November 1517), born Nizam Khan () also known as Sikandar II, was Sultan of the Delhi Sultanate between 1489 and 1517. He became ruler of the Lodi dynasty after the death of his father Bahlul Khan Lodi in July 1489. The second and most successful ruler of the Lodi dynasty of the Delhi Sultanate, he was also a Persian poetry, poet of the Persian language and prepared a Diwan (poetry), diwan of 9000 verses. He made an effort to recover the lost territories which once were a part of the Delhi Sultanate and was able to expand the territory controlled by the Lodi dynasty, Lodi Dynasty. Biography Sikandar was the second son of Sultan Bahlul Lodi, who had founded the Lodi ruling dynasty of the Delhi Sultanate. Sikandar was a capable ruler who encouraged trade across his territory. He expanded Lodi rule into the regions of Gwalior and Bihar. He made a treaty with Alauddin Hussain Shah and his Bengal Sultanate, Sultanate of Bengal. In 1503, he c ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Abu'l-Fazl Ibn Mubarak
Abu'l-Fazl ibn Mubarak (14 January 1551 – 22 August 1602), also known as Abul Fazl, Abu'l Fadl and Abu'l-Fadl 'Allami, was an Indian writer, historian, and politician who served as the grand vizier of the Mughal Empire from his appointment in 1579, until his death in 1602. His notable works include the '' Akbarnama'', '' Ain-i-Akbari,'' and a Persian translation of the Bible.Abu al Fazl Biography and Works persian.packhum.org. Abul Fazl was initially appointed into Akbar's court as a military commander serving in Deccan, where he was held in high regard. He was popularly known for his theory ''Padshahat'' which stated the established owner, the emperor, could not be overthrown, as he was an agent of God for the welfar ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Welfare State
A welfare state is a form of government in which the State (polity), state (or a well-established network of social institutions) protects and promotes the economic and social well-being of its citizens, based upon the principles of equal opportunity, equitable distribution of wealth, and public responsibility for citizens unable to avail themselves of the minimal provisions for a good life. There is substantial variability in the form and trajectory of the welfare state across countries and regions. All welfare states entail some degree of Public–private partnership, private–public partnerships wherein the administration and delivery of at least some welfare programs occur through private entities. Welfare state services are also provided at varying territorial levels of government. The contemporary capitalist welfare state has been described as a type of mixed economy in the sense of state interventionism, as opposed to a mixture of planning and markets, since economic p ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Jasrath Khokhar
Jasrat Khan ( – ), also known as Jasrath, was a 15th-century Punjabi Muslim chieftain who ruled parts of Punjab from 1410 until his death in 1442. He had his capital at Sialkot. A son of Shaikha, Jasrat fought against Tamerlane during his invasion of Delhi Sultanate in 1398. He was defeated and made captive but regained his power after getting free. Jasrat supported Shahi Khan against Ali Shah and obtained significant spoils after his victory in the Battle of Thanna. In 1423 he conquered Jammu after defeating its ruler Bhim Dev. Encouraged by the early victories, Jasrat aimed for Delhi and invaded the Delhi Sultanate several times between 1421 and 1432. Although mostly unsuccessful in these campaigns, Jasrat managed to expand his control over most of Punjab and Jammu as well as parts of present-day Himachal Pradesh. He is considered a folk hero of Punjab. Background Although Firishta mistakenly calls Jasrat Khokhar a Gakhar, he is generally believed by historians to be a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hund (village)
Hund (Pashto: ), historically known as Udabhandapura (Udabhāṇḍa(pura) in Sanskrit), is a small village in Swabi District, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. It is located on the right bank of the Indus River, approximately 15 km north of Attock, 10.8 km southeast of Lahor (ancient Salatura), and 4.5 km southeast of Anbar, Swabi, Anbar, formerly known as the North-West Frontier Province (NWFP) of Pakistan. Its geographical coordinates are 34.0173521°N, 72.4312554°E. Hund holds a prominent place in the political and cultural history of the Gandhara, Gandhāra region. According to ancient Greek sources such as Arrian, Alexander the Great is believed to have crossed the Indus River in 327 BCE near this location during his campaign toward Taxila, although no archaeological evidence has yet confirmed the exact crossing point. The earliest physical remains found at Hund date back to the Kushan Empire, Kushan period in the 1st century CE. From the 7th to 9th centuries, H ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Indus River
The Indus ( ) is a transboundary river of Asia and a trans-Himalayas, Himalayan river of South Asia, South and Central Asia. The river rises in mountain springs northeast of Mount Kailash in the Western Tibet region of China, flows northwest through the disputed Kashmir region, first through the Indian-administered Ladakh, and then the Pakistani administered Gilgit Baltistan, Quote: "Kashmir, region of the northwestern Indian subcontinent. It is bounded by the Uygur Autonomous Region of Xinjiang to the northeast and the Tibet Autonomous Region to the east (both parts of China), by the Indian states of Himachal Pradesh and Punjab to the south, by Pakistan to the west, and by Afghanistan to the northwest. The northern and western portions are administered by Pakistan and comprise three areas: Azad Kashmir, Gilgit, and Baltistan, ... The southern and southeastern portions constitute the Indian state of Jammu and Kashmir. The Indian- and Pakistani-administered portions are divi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pampore
Pampore (), known as Pampar () or Panpar () in Kashmiri language, Kashmiri, is a Town, historical town located in Pulwama district in the Union territory, Indian union territory of Jammu and Kashmir (union territory), Jammu and Kashmir. It is situated on the eastern side of the Jhelum River on the Jammu–Srinagar National Highway. It was known as Padmapura in antiquity. Pampore is about 17 kilometres (11 mi) away from Pulwama, Pulwama city & away from Lal Chowk, Srinagar city centre Lal Chowk. It is primarily known for its cultivation of saffron. Etymology Pampore was originally called ''Padmapura''. Geography Pampore is located at . Prehistory At the Galander site near Pampore, remains of the large extinct elephant ''Palaeoloxodon turkmenicus'' were found associated with stone tools produced by archaic humans, with the elephant bones suggested to display deliberate fracturing via stone tool hammering. The site is suggested to date to around 400,000-300,000 years ago. Eco ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ladakh
Ladakh () is a region administered by India as a union territory and constitutes an eastern portion of the larger Kashmir region that has been the subject of a Kashmir#Kashmir dispute, dispute between India and Pakistan since 1947 and India and China since 1959.The application of the term "administered" to the various regions of Kashmir and a mention of the Kashmir dispute is supported by the WP:TERTIARY, tertiary sources (a) through (e), reflecting WP:DUE, due weight in the coverage. Although "controlled" and "held" are also applied neutrally to the names of the disputants or to the regions administered by them, as evidenced in sources (h) through (i) below, "held" is also considered politicised usage, as is the term "occupied", (see (j) below). (a) (subscription required) Quote: "Kashmir, region of the northwestern Indian subcontinent ... has been the subject of dispute between India and Pakistan since the partition of the Indian subcontinent in 1947. The northern and wester ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Lalleshwari
Lalleshwari, ( also commonly known as Lal Ded (), was a Kashmiri people, Kashmiri mysticism, mystic of the Kashmir Shaivism school of Hindu philosophy. She was the creator of the style of mystic poetry called vatsun or ''Vakhs'', meaning "speech" (from Sanskrit ''vāc''). Known as Lal Vakhs, her verses are among the early compositions in the Kashmiri language and are a part of the history of modern Kashmiri literature. Lalleshwari ("Mother Lal" or "Mother Lalla") is also known by various other names, including Lal Dyad (''Dyad'' means "Grandmother"), Lalla Aarifa, Lal Diddi, Lalleshwari, Lalla Yogishwari/Yogeshwari and Lalishri. Life Most modern scholars place Lalleshwari's birth between 1301 and 1320 C.E., near Sempore or Pandrethan. She is estimated to have died in 1373, and a grave near Bijbehara is attributed to her, although there is no confirmation. Lalleshwari is believed to have been born to a Kashmiri Brahmin family, and was married at the age of twelve in accordance ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Rinchan
Rinchan Shah (, ; died 25 November 1323), born as Lhachen Rinchan Bhoti and also known by his titular name Sadr'ud-Din Shah, was the founder and the first Sultan of the Sultanate of Kashmir from 1320 to 1323. Originally said to have been a Ladakhi Buddhist, he converted to Islam, becoming the first Muslim ruler of Kashmir. Background Around 1313, an invader named "Da'lacha"—mentioned by the 15th century Kashmiri chronicler Jonaraja as the commander of a ''Karmasena''—invaded Kashmir with heavy cavalry. Baharistan-i-shahi (''BIS''), a 17th century chronicle of Kashmir written by an anonymous author, notes him to be a Turko-Mongol raider; the name is given as "Zulchu". Jonaraja notes that Suhadeva, then ruler of Kashmir, received him with all honors; he sought to pay his way out of a conflict and levied new taxes on all subjects. This did not go down well with the Brahmins who threatened to fast until death, bringing Suhadeva's plans to an end and spurring the inevitable ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Swat District
Swat District (), also known as the Swat Valley, is a Districts of Pakistan, district in the Malakand Division of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. Known for its stunning natural beauty, the district is a popular tourist destination. With a population of 2,687,384 per the 2023 Pakistani census, 2023 national census, Swat is the 15th-largest district of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. Swat District is centred on the Valley of Swat, usually referred to simply as Swat, which is a natural geographic region surrounding the Swat River. The valley was a major centre of early Buddhism of the ancient civilisation of Gandhara, mainly Gandharan Buddhism, with pockets of Buddhism persisting in the valley until the 16th century Sultanate of Swat, conquest of Swat by the Yousafzais, after which the area became largely Muslim, along with the Pashtunization of Swat and its neighbouring regions. In the early 19th century, Swat emerged as an independent state under Saidu Baba. State of Swat became a Princely stat ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
