|
Shirongol Languages
The Shirongol, Shirongolic or Southeast Mongolian (or more rarely, the Dolot languages) are a subgroup of the Mongolic languages in the Southern Mongolian subgroup. They are spoken in the Gansu and Qinghai provinces in China. History It is possible that Proto-Shirongolic and Eastern Yugur were separated between the 14th and 16th centuries. The Shirongolic languages separated in the 16th century. Since then, they have been retreating in favor of Mandarin. Characteristics Contrary to the Central Mongolic languages and Moghol, the Southern Mongolic languages (and therefore Shirongol) and Daur are not synharmonic, according to Janhunen. The Shirongolic languages have been strongly influenced by Mandarin and the Tibetan languages. Like all Mongolic languages, their word order is SOV, have agglutinative morphology and have vowel harmony. Internal classification The Shirongolic family groups together the Bonan, Dongxiang, Kangjia and Monguor languages. Glottolog separate ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
China
China, officially the People's Republic of China (PRC), is a country in East Asia. With population of China, a population exceeding 1.4 billion, it is the list of countries by population (United Nations), second-most populous country after India, representing 17.4% of the world population. China spans the equivalent of five time zones and Borders of China, borders fourteen countries by land across an area of nearly , making it the list of countries and dependencies by area, third-largest country by land area. The country is divided into 33 Province-level divisions of China, province-level divisions: 22 provinces of China, provinces, 5 autonomous regions of China, autonomous regions, 4 direct-administered municipalities of China, municipalities, and 2 semi-autonomous special administrative regions. Beijing is the country's capital, while Shanghai is List of cities in China by population, its most populous city by urban area and largest financial center. Considered one of six ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Agglutination
In linguistics, agglutination is a morphology (linguistics), morphological process in which words are formed by stringing together morphemes (word parts), each of which corresponds to a single Syntax, syntactic feature. Languages that use agglutination widely are called agglutinative languages. For example, in the agglutinative Turkish language, Turkish, the word ("from your houses") consists of the morphemes ''ev-ler-i-n-iz-den''. Agglutinative languages are often contrasted with isolating languages, in which words are monomorphemic, and fusional languages, in which words can be complex, but morphemes may correspond to multiple features. Examples of agglutinative languages Although agglutination is characteristic of certain language families, this does not mean that when several languages in a certain geographic area are all agglutinative they are necessarily related phylogenetically. In the past, this assumption led linguists to propose the so-called Ural–Altaic languages, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Monguor Language
The Monguor language (; also written Mongour and Mongor) is a Mongolic language of its Shirongolic branch and is part of the Gansu–Qinghai sprachbund (also called the Amdo sprachbund). There are several dialects, mostly spoken by the Monguor people. A writing system was devised for Huzhu Monguor (Mongghul) in the late 20th century but has been little used. A division into two languages, namely Mongghul in Huzhu Tu Autonomous County and Mangghuer in Minhe Hui and Tu Autonomous County, is considered necessary by some linguists. While Mongghul was under strong influence from Amdo Tibetan, the same holds for Mangghuer and Sinitic languages, and local varieties of Chinese such as the Gangou language were in turn influenced by Monguor. Phonology Vowels * Vowel sounds may also be nasalized when preceding a nasal consonant, in different environments. *Vowels may also undergo a devoicing process in certain phonetic environments. Consonants * can also be heard as allo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Kangjia Language
The Kangjia language ( zh, s=康家语, p=Kāngjiāyǔ) is a Mongolic language spoken by a Muslim population of around 300 people in Jainca (Jianzha) County, Huangnan Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture in Qinghai province of China. As to its taxonomic affiliation, Kangjia seems to be an intermediate between Bonan language and Santa language The Santa language, also known as Dongxiang ( zh, s=东乡语 , t=東鄉語 , p=Dōngxiāngyǔ), is a Mongolic language spoken by the Dongxiang people in Northwest China. Dialects There are no dialects in strict sense, but three local varieti ... (Dongxiang). Phonology Kangjia has nine vowels. References Citations Sources * * External links The Website of China's Minority Language Studies (中国民族语言研究网) Agglutinative languages Southern Mongolic languages Languages of Qinghai Severely endangered languages {{Qinghai-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Tangwang Language
The Tangwang language ( zh, s=唐汪话, p=Tángwànghuà) is a variety of Mandarin Chinese heavily influenced by the Mongolic Santa language (Dongxiang). It is spoken in a dozen or so villages in Dongxiang Autonomous County, Gansu Province, China. The linguist Mei W. Lee-Smith calls this creole language the "Tangwang language" ( zh, 唐汪话), based on the names of the two largest villages (Tangjia 唐家 and Wangjia 汪家, parts of Tangwang town) where it is spoken. Speakers According to Lee-Smith (1996), the Tangwang language is spoken by about 20,000 people living in the north-eastern part of the Dongxiang Autonomous County (Tangwang town). These people self-identify as Dongxiang (Santa) or Hui people. The Tangwang speakers do not speak the Dongxiang language. Description The Tangwang language uses mostly Mandarin words and morphemes with Dongxiang grammar. Besides Dongxiang loanwords, Tangwang also has a substantial number of Arabic and Persian loanwords. Like standard ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Wutun Language
The Wutun language () is a Mandarin–Amdo– Bonan creole language. It is spoken by about 4,000 people, most of whom are classified as Monguor (Tu) by the Chinese government. Wutun speakers reside in two villages (Upper Wutun 上五屯 and Lower Wutun 下五屯) of Tongren County, eastern Qinghai province, China. It is also known as the Ngandehua language. The two Wutun villages, as well as other villages in the area, were under the control of a Mongol banner for several centuries, and have long been regarded by governments as members of a Mongol ethnic group. However, they self-identify as Tibetans. History A number of theories have been proposed about the origin of the Wutun villagers, and their peculiar dialect. The Chinese linguist Chen Naixiong infers from the vowel distribution of the Chinese lexical items in Wutun speech that their ancestors may have spoken an old Nanjing dialect. Others think that they may have been a group of Hui people (Chinese-speaking Muslims) ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Glottolog
''Glottolog'' is an open-access online bibliographic database of the world's languages. In addition to listing linguistic materials ( grammars, articles, dictionaries) describing individual languages, the database also contains the most up-to-date language affiliations based on the work of expert linguists. Glottolog was first developed and maintained at the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology in Leipzig, Germany, and between 2015 and 2020 at the Max Planck Institute of Geoanthropology in Jena, Germany. Its main curators include Harald Hammarström and Martin Haspelmath. Overview Sebastian Nordhoff and Harald Hammarström established the Glottolog/Langdoc project in 2011. The creation of ''Glottolog'' was partly motivated by the lack of a comprehensive language bibliography, especially in ''Ethnologue''. Glottolog provides a catalogue of the world's languages and language families and a bibliography on individual languages. It differs from ''Ethnologue ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Kangjia Language
The Kangjia language ( zh, s=康家语, p=Kāngjiāyǔ) is a Mongolic language spoken by a Muslim population of around 300 people in Jainca (Jianzha) County, Huangnan Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture in Qinghai province of China. As to its taxonomic affiliation, Kangjia seems to be an intermediate between Bonan language and Santa language The Santa language, also known as Dongxiang ( zh, s=东乡语 , t=東鄉語 , p=Dōngxiāngyǔ), is a Mongolic language spoken by the Dongxiang people in Northwest China. Dialects There are no dialects in strict sense, but three local varieti ... (Dongxiang). Phonology Kangjia has nine vowels. References Citations Sources * * External links The Website of China's Minority Language Studies (中国民族语言研究网) Agglutinative languages Southern Mongolic languages Languages of Qinghai Severely endangered languages {{Qinghai-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Santa Language
The Santa language, also known as Dongxiang ( zh, s=东乡语 , t=東鄉語 , p=Dōngxiāngyǔ), is a Mongolic language spoken by the Dongxiang people in Northwest China. Dialects There are no dialects in strict sense, but three local varieties (''tuyu'') can be found: Suonanba (ca. 50% of all Dongxiang speakers), Wangjiaji (ca. 30% of all Dongxiang speakers) and Sijiaji (ca. 20% of all Dongxiang speakers). Phonology Compared to other Mongolic languages, there is no vowel harmony, except for a handful of suffixes. However, the rules governing this phenomenon are by far not as strict as those of Mongolian. Consonants Santa has 29 consonants: * The aspirated stops , at varying degrees, tend to be affricated before close vowels as respectively: ** : This has the most noticeable affrication, seen in (knife). ** : Still commonly affricated, e.g. (belt). ** : Affrication is salient, but seems to be more apparent with than , as in (chicken). ** : This consonant is the l ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bonan Language
The Bonan language (pronounced , ''Baonang''; Chinese: , ''Bǎo'ānyǔ''; Amdo Tibetan: ''Dorké''), also known by its endonym Manikacha (Tibetan: ; Wylie: ''Ma ni skad ci''), is the Mongolic language of the Bonan people of China. As of 1985, it was spoken by about 8,000 people, including about 75% of the total Bonan ethnic population and many ethnic Monguor, in Gansu and Qinghai Provinces. There are several dialects, which are influenced to varying degrees – but always heavily – by Chinese and Tibetan, while bilingualism in Wutun is less common. The most commonly studied is the Tongren dialect. Bonan is not typically written by speakers, though there is a folk practice of writing Bonan with the Tibetan syllabary following Amdo pronunciation. Phonology Bonan phonology has been heavily influenced by Tibetan. Consonants possess a voicing contrast. Initial consonant clusters of mostly falling sonority are present in native words, as are heavy diphthongs, though the conten ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Vowel Harmony
In phonology, vowel harmony is a phonological rule in which the vowels of a given domain – typically a phonological word – must share certain distinctive features (thus "in harmony"). Vowel harmony is typically long distance, meaning that the affected vowels do not need to be immediately adjacent, and there can be intervening segments between the affected vowels. Generally one vowel will trigger a shift in other vowels, either progressively or regressively, within the domain, such that the affected vowels match the relevant feature of the trigger vowel. Common phonological features that define the natural classes of vowels involved in vowel harmony include vowel backness, vowel height, nasalization, roundedness, and advanced and retracted tongue root. Vowel harmony is found in many agglutinative languages. The given domain of vowel harmony taking effect often spans across morpheme boundaries, and suffixes and prefixes will usually follow vowel harmony rules. Termi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Subject–object–verb Word Order
In linguistic typology, a subject–object–verb (SOV) language is one in which the subject, object, and verb of a sentence always or usually appear in that order. If English were SOV, "Sam apples ate" would be an ordinary sentence, as opposed to the actual Standard English "Sam ate apples" which is subject–verb–object (SVO). The term is often loosely used for ergative languages like Adyghe and Basque that in fact have agents instead of subjects. Incidence Among natural languages with a word order preference, SOV is the most common type (followed by subject–verb–object; the two types account for more than 87% of natural languages with a preferred order). Languages that have SOV structure include * most Indo-Iranian languages ( Assamese, Bengali, Gujarati, Hindustani, Kurdish, Marathi, Nepali, Odia, Pāli, Pashto, Persian, Punjabi, Sindhi, Sinhala, Zaza) * Ainu * Akkadian * Armenian * Assyrian * Aymara * Basque * Burushaski * Cherokee * ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
