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Shikken
The was a senior government post held by members of the Hōjō clan, officially a regent of the shogunate. From 1199 to 1333, during the Kamakura period, the ''shikken'' served as the head of the ''bakufu'' (shogun's government). This era was referred to as . During roughly the first half of that period, the ''shikken'' was the ''de facto'' military dictator of Japan (excluding the independent Northern Fujiwara). In 1256 the title of ''shikken'' was relegated to the second in command of the ''Tokusō'' (a separate rank also monopolized by the Hojō clan). By the Muromachi period (1333–1573) the position, though not abolished, had lost much of its power and was no longer considered as one of the top ranks. The position was abolished after the Muromachi period. Etymology The word ''shikken'' is the on'yomi reading of the combination of the two kanji characters and , meaning "to hold (something in the hand, or a service or ceremony); to administer" and "power, authority" respect ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Shōgun
, officially , was the title of the military rulers of Japan during most of the period spanning from 1185 to 1868. Nominally appointed by the Emperor, shoguns were usually the de facto rulers of the country, except during parts of the Kamakura period and Sengoku period when the shoguns themselves were figureheads, with real power in the hands of the of the Hōjō clan and of the Hosokawa clan. In addition, Taira no Kiyomori and Toyotomi Hideyoshi were leaders of the warrior class who did not hold the position of shogun, the highest office of the warrior class, yet gained the positions of and , the highest offices of the aristocratic class. As such, they ran their governments as its de facto rulers. The office of shogun was in practice hereditary, although over the course of the history of Japan several different clans held the position. The title was originally held by military commanders during the Heian period in the eighth and ninth centuries. When Minamoto no Y ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hōjō Tokimune
of the Hōjō clan was the eighth ''shikken'' (officially regent of the shōgun, but ''de facto'' ruler of Japan) of the Kamakura shogunate (reigned 1268–84), known for leading the Japanese people, Japanese forces against the Mongol invasions of Japan, invasion of the Mongols and for spreading Zen Buddhism. He was the second son of Hōjō Tokiyori, Tokiyori, fifth shikken of the Kamakura shogunate. From birth, Tokimune was seen as the successor of ''tokusō'', the head of the Hōjō clan. In 1268 AD, at the age of 18, he became ''shikken'' himself. During his lifetime, the seats of power of the Japanese Emperor, Imperial Regent (''sesshō''), Imperial Chief Advisor (''kampaku''), and the ''shōgun'' had all been completely marginalized by the Hōjō ''shikken''. Life Immediately upon his ascension as ''shikken'', Tokimune was faced with a national crisis. The Mongol emperor, Kublai Khan, sent an envoy with the demand that Japan enter into a "tributary relationship" with the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hōjō Tokiyori
was the fifth shikken (regent of shogun) of the Kamakura shogunate in Japan. Early life He was born to warrior monk Hōjō Tokiuji and a daughter of Adachi Kagemori, younger brother of Hōjō Tsunetoki, the fourth shikken, and grandson of Hōjō Yasutoki. Rule Tokiyori became shikken following his brother Tsunetoki's death. Immediately after the succession, he crushed a coup plot by former ''shōgun'' Kujō Yoritsune and Tokiyori's relative Nagoe Mitsutoki. In the next year, he let Adachi Kagemori destroy the powerful Miura clan in the Battle of Hochi. He recalled his experienced grandfather's brother, Hōjō Shigetoki, from Kyoto and appointed him as rensho. In 1252, he replaced Shogun Kujō Yoritsugu with Prince Munetaka, and so successfully solidified the power base. Reforms Tokiyori has been praised for his good administration. He worked on reforms mainly by writing various regulations. He reduced service of the vassals to guard Kyoto. He worked toward reso ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hōjō Masamura
was the seventh ''Shikken'' (regent) of the Kamakura Shogunate, regining from 1264 to 1268. He was the son of Hōjō Yoshitoki, the second ''Shikken,'' and brother of Hōjō Yasutoki and Hōjō Shigetoki. Life Hōjō Masamura was born on July 10, 1205, the son of ''Shikken'' Hōjō Yoshitoki. His mother was the daughter of Iga Tomomitsu. ''Shikken'' Hōjō Yasutoki was his half brother. Masamura was born on the day Hatakeyama Shigetada was killed. Masamura held his '' genpuku'', coming of age ceremony, in 1213. Before his regency, he served as Captain of the Right Division of Bureau of Horses (''uma no gon no kami''), Governor of Mutsu Province, and Mayor of the Left Capital District (''Sakyō no gon no daibu''). After the sudden death of Yoshitoki, Masamura's mother and his elder brother, steward of the '' Mandokoro'' Iga Mitsumune, conspired to replace shogun Kujō Yoritsune with his son-in-law, associate counselor Ichijō Sanemasa, as shogun, and to make Masamura the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hōjō Yasutoki
Hōjō Yasutoki (; 1183 – July 14, 1242) was the third ''shikken'' (regent) of the Kamakura shogunate in Japan. He strengthened the political system of the Hōjō regency. Life He was the eldest son of second ''shikken'' Hōjō Yoshitoki. According to '' Azuma Kagami'', he was liked by the first ''shōgun'', Minamoto no Yoritomo. In 1218, he became the chief ('' bettō'') of the Board of Retainers ('' samurai-dokoro''). In the Jōkyū War of 1221, he led shogunate forces against the imperial court in Kyoto. After his victory, he remained in Kyoto and set up the '' Rokuhara Tandai''. Yasutoki and his uncle Tokifusa became the first ''tandai''. When his father Yoshitoki and aunt Hōjō Masako died, he succeeded to become ''shikken'' in 1224. He installed Hōjō Tokifusa as the first ''rensho''. In 1225 he created the Hyōjō (), the council system of the shogunate. In 1232 he promulgated the '' Goseibai Shikimoku'', the legal code of the shogunate. He was highly praised for ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hōjō Masako
was a Japanese politician who exercised significant power in the early years of the Kamakura period, which was reflected by her contemporary sobriquet of the "nun shogun". She was the wife of Minamoto no Yoritomo, and mother of Minamoto no Yoriie and Minamoto no Sanetomo, the first, second and third Shogun, shoguns of the Kamakura shogunate, respectively. She was the eldest daughter of Hōjō Tokimasa and sister of Hōjō Yoshitoki, both of them ''shikken'' of the Kamakura shogunate. Early life and marriage (1157–1182) Hōjō Masako (her real name is unknown; she was called Masako after her father's name Tokimasa by later researchers) was born in 1157, eldest child of Hōjō Tokimasa, leader of the influential Hōjō clan of Izu Province, Izu province, and his wife, Hōjō no Maki. Masako's parents were still in their teens, so she was raised by many ladies-in-waiting and nannies. Masako was born into a world of war and strife. In Kyoto, the capital of Japan, the Hōgen Rebel ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Kamakura Shogunate
The was the feudal military government of Japan during the Kamakura period from 1185 to 1333. Nussbaum, Louis-Frédéric. (2005)"''Kamakura-jidai''"in ''Japan Encyclopedia'', p. 459. The Kamakura shogunate was established by Minamoto no Yoritomo after victory in the Genpei War and appointing himself as ''shōgun''. Yoritomo governed Japan as military dictator from the eastern city of Kamakura with the emperor of Japan and his Imperial Court in the official capital city of Heian-kyō (Kyoto) as figureheads. The Kamakura ''shōguns'' were members of the Minamoto clan until 1226, the Fujiwara clan until 1252, and the last six were minor princes of the imperial family.Nussbaum"Minamoto"at pp. 632–633. The Hōjō clan were the '' de facto'' rulers of Japan as '' shikken'' (regent) of the ''shōgun'' from 1203.Nussbaum"Fujiwara"at pp. 200–201. The Kamakura shogunate saw the Jōkyū War in 1221 and the Mongol invasions of Japan under Kublai Khan in 1274 and 1281. The Kamaku ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hōjō Tokimasa
was a Japanese samurai lord who was the first ''shikken'' (regent) of the Kamakura shogunate and head of the Hōjō clan. He was ''shikken'' from 1203 until his abdication in 1205, and Protector of Kyoto from 1185 to 1186. Background The Hōjō clan is alleged to have been descended from the Taira clan. The Hōjō clan based themselves in a northern part of the Izu Province, which was in the east (Kanto region) and quite far away from the imperial center of power in Kyoto. Early life Not much is known about Hōjō Tokimasa's early life prior to Minamoto no Yoritomo's arrival in Izu. There is no information about his parents and early childhood, mainly because culture was not concentrated in Izu, but rather in Kyoto. Tokimasa was born in 1138 into the influential local magnate Hōjō clan in the province of Izu. It is believed that his father was either Hōjō Tokikata or Hōjō Tokikane. Tokimasa, as the head of the Hōjō clan, chose to stay out of the civil strife engul ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Tokusō
was the title (post) held by the head of the mainline Hōjō clan, who also monopolized the position of '' shikken'' (regents to the shogunate) of the Kamakura shogunate in Japan during the period of Regent Rule (1199–1333). It’s important not to confuse a regent of the shogunate with a regent of the Emperor (the latter are called ''Sesshō'' and ''Kampaku''). ''Shikkens'' were the first regents to the shogunate. The ''tokusō'' from 1256 to 1333 was the military dictator of Japan as ''de facto'' head of the ''bakufu'' (shogunate); despite the actual shōgun being merely a puppet. This implies that all other positions in Japan—the Emperor, the Imperial Court, ''Sesshō'' and ''Kampaku'', and the ''shikken'' (regent of the shōgun)—had also been reduced to figureheads.「執権 (一)」（『国史大辞典 6』（ 吉川弘文館、 1985年） ） Origin The name ''tokusō'' is said to have come from , the Buddhist name of Hōjō Yoshitoki, but his father Hōjō To ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hōjō Clan
The was a Japanese samurai family who controlled the hereditary title of '' shikken'' (regent) of the Kamakura shogunate between 1203 and 1333. Despite the title, in practice the family wielded actual political power in Japan during this period compared to both the Kamakura shoguns, or the Imperial Court in Kyoto, whose authority was largely symbolic. The Hōjō are known for fostering Zen Buddhism and for leading the successful opposition to the Mongol invasions of Japan. Resentment at Hōjō rule eventually culminated in the overthrow of the clan and the establishment of the Ashikaga shogunate. History Bloodline The Hōjō are alleged to have been an offshoot of the Taira of the Kanmu branch, originating in Izu Province. On the other hand, modern theories question whether the Hōjō clan was really descended from the Taira clan. They gained power by supporting the defeat of the Taira by supporting the warlord Minamoto no Yoritomo in the Genpei War through both milit ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Rensho
The was the assistant to the '' shikken'' (regent) of the Kamakura shogunate in medieval Japan Japan is an island country in East Asia. Located in the Pacific Ocean off the northeast coast of the Asia, Asian mainland, it is bordered on the west by the Sea of Japan and extends from the Sea of Okhotsk in the north to the East China Sea ....Iwanami Kōjien, "Rensho" The rensho placed his signature next to that of the ''shikken'' on official orders. In 1224 the third ''shikken'' Hōjō Yasutoki appointed Hōjō Tokifusa as the first ''rensho''. From then on, the ''rensho'' was chosen from influential members of the Hōjō clan, but not from the main line of the clan ('' tokusō''), with the one exception of Tokimune, who temporarily occupied the position from 1264 to 1268. List of Rensho ''Note: There are three Hōjō Shigetoki's, all different people'' # Hōjō Tokifusa (r. 1225–1240) # Hōjō Shigetoki (北条重時) (r. 1247–1256) # Hōjō Masamura (r. 1 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hōjō Yoshitoki
was the second Hōjō ''shikken'' (regent) of the Kamakura shogunate and head of the Hōjō clan. He was the second son of Hōjō Tokimasa. He was ''shikken'' from the abdication of his father Tokimasa in 1205 until his death in 1224. Early years (1163–1183) Hōjō Yoshitoki was born in 1163, who was the second son of Hōjō Tokimasa and his wife, who was a daughter of Itō Sukechika. At the time of his birth, he had an older brother, Hōjō Munetoki, and an older sister, Hōjō Masako. Later on in the decade, he would have another brother, Hōjō Tokifusa, and a sister whose name remains unknown, but their birth dates are not known. The Hōjō clan was at that time in control of Izu, and Yoshitoki, being a Hōjō, was also a descendant of the Taira clan and also of the imperial family. At that time, the Taira, under Taira no Kiyomori, had consolidated their power in Kyoto, the capital, and expelled the Minamoto clan, their rival. Minamoto no Yoshitomo, the head of the c ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
