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Shelley V. Kraemer
''Shelley v. Kraemer'', 334 U.S. 1 (1948), is a landmark United States Supreme Court case that held that racially restrictive housing covenants (deed restrictions) cannot legally be enforced. The case arose after an African-American family purchased a house in St. Louis that was subject to a restrictive covenant preventing "people of the Negro or Mongolian Race" from occupying the property. The purchase was challenged in court by a neighboring resident and was blocked by the Supreme Court of Missouri before going to the U.S. Supreme Court on appeal. In an opinion joined in by all participating justices, U.S. Supreme Court Chief Justice Fred Vinson held that the Fourteenth Amendment's Equal Protection Clause prohibits racially restrictive housing covenants from being enforced. Vinson held that while private parties may abide by the terms of a racially restrictive covenant, judicial enforcement of the covenant by a court qualified as a state action and was thus prohibited by th ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Fourteenth Amendment To The United States Constitution
The Fourteenth Amendment (Amendment XIV) to the United States Constitution was adopted on July 9, 1868, as one of the Reconstruction Amendments. Considered one of the most consequential amendments, it addresses Citizenship of the United States, citizenship rights and equal protection under the law at all levels of government. The Fourteenth Amendment was a response to issues affecting Freedman#United States, freed slaves following the American Civil War, and its passage was bitterly contested. States of the defeated Confederate States of America, Confederacy were required to ratify it to regain representation in United States Congress, Congress. The amendment, particularly its first section, is one of the most litigated parts of the Constitution, forming the basis for landmark Supreme Court of the United States, Supreme Court decisions, such as ''Brown v. Board of Education'' (1954; prohibiting Racial segregation in the United States, racial segregation in State school#United St ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Michigan
Michigan ( ) is a peninsular U.S. state, state in the Great Lakes region, Great Lakes region of the Upper Midwest, Upper Midwestern United States. It shares water and land boundaries with Minnesota to the northwest, Wisconsin to the west, Indiana and Illinois to the southwest, Ohio to the southeast, and the Canadian Provinces and territories of Canada, province of Ontario to the east, northeast and north. With a population of 10.14 million and an area of , Michigan is the List of U.S. states and territories by population, 10th-largest state by population, the List of U.S. states and territories by area, 11th-largest by area, and the largest by total area east of the Mississippi River.''i.e.'', including water that is part of state territory. Georgia (U.S. state), Georgia is the largest state by land area alone east of the Mississippi and Michigan the second-largest. The state capital is Lansing, Michigan, Lansing, while its most populous city is Detroit. The Metro Detroit r ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Stanley M
Stanley may refer to: Arts and entertainment Film and television * ''Stanley'' (1972 film), an American horror film * ''Stanley'' (1984 film), an Australian comedy * ''Stanley'' (1999 film), an animated short * ''Stanley'' (1956 TV series), an American situation comedy * ''Stanley'' (2001 TV series), an American animated series Other uses in arts and entertainment * ''Stanley'' (play), by Pam Gems, 1996 * Stanley Award, an Australian Cartoonists' Association award * '' Stanley: The Search for Dr. Livingston'', a video game Businesses * Stanley, Inc., an American information technology company * Stanley Aviation, an American aerospace company * Stanley Black & Decker, formerly The Stanley Works, an American hardware manufacturer ** Stanley Hand Tools, a division of Stanley Black & Decker * Stanley bottle, a brand of food and beverage containers * Stanley Electric, a Japanese manufacturer of electric lights * Stanley Furniture, an American furniture manufacturer * ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hilbert Philip Zarky
Hilbert Phillip Zarky (September 19, 1912 – April 9, 1989) was a prominent tax attorney, first for the United States Department of Justice and then in the private sector; he also was a significant contributor to civil liberties litigation. Zarky was born in Madison, Wisconsin on September 19, 1912, to Max and Gertrude Zarky (born Gertrude Sure). He attended Central High School. He then attended the University of Wisconsin, where he obtained a law degree in 1937, graduating Order of the Coif. In 1939, he married Norma Gertrude Goldstein. After graduation, Zarky moved to Washington, D.C., and worked for the Treasury Department. In 1943 he joined the Department of Justice, where he became a Special Assistant to the Attorney General, preparing and arguing tax cases on appeal in the Circuit Courts and the U.S. Supreme Court. He appeared on behalf of the Department of Justice in over 300 cases in the Courts of Appeals and dozens of cases in the United States Supreme Court. In ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Oscar Hirsh Davis
Oscar Hirsh Davis (February 27, 1914 – June 19, 1988) was a judge of the United States Court of Claims and a United States Circuit Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit. Education and career Born on February 27, 1914, in New York City, New York, Davis received an Artium Baccalaureus degree in 1934 from Harvard University and a Bachelor of Laws in 1937 from Columbia Law School. He entered private practice in New York City from 1937 to 1939. He was an attorney in the Claims Division of the United States Department of Justice from 1939 to 1942. He was a Captain in the United States Army Air Corps from 1942 to 1946. He was an attorney in the Civil Division of the United States Department of Justice from 1946 to 1948. He was second assistant to the United States Solicitor General from 1950 to 1954 and first assistant from 1954 to 1962. Federal judicial service Davis was nominated by President John F. Kennedy on January 31, 1962, to a seat on the Unit ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Philip Elman
Philip Elman (March 14, 1918 – November 30, 1999) was an American lawyer at the United States Department of Justice and former member of the Federal Trade Commission (FTC). Elman is best known for writing the government's brief in ''Brown v. Board of Education''. Elman is also notable for being one of just three political independents to have ever served on the FTC. Early life and education Elman was born in Paterson, New Jersey, to Polish-Jewish immigrants who worked in the silk industry. During the Great Depression, he moved with his family to New York City, where he attended DeWitt Clinton High School and the City College of New York. He went on to Harvard Law School, where he was an editor of the ''Harvard Law Review'' in 1938 and 1939.''The Solicitor General's Office, Justice Frankfurter, and Civil Rights Litigation: An Oral History.'' 100 Harvard Law Review 4 987/ref> Legal career Judicial clerkships Elman began his legal career as a law clerk to Judge Calvert M ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Baltimore
Baltimore is the most populous city in the U.S. state of Maryland. With a population of 585,708 at the 2020 census and estimated at 568,271 in 2024, it is the 30th-most populous U.S. city. The Baltimore metropolitan area is the 20th-largest metropolitan area in the country at 2.84 million residents. The city is also part of the Washington–Baltimore combined statistical area, which had a population of 9.97 million in 2020. Baltimore was designated as an independent city by the Constitution of Maryland in 1851. Though not located under the jurisdiction of any county in the state, it forms part of the central Maryland region together with the surrounding county that shares its name. The land that is present-day Baltimore was used as hunting ground by Paleo-Indians. In the early 1600s, the Susquehannock began to hunt there. People from the Province of Maryland established the Port of Baltimore in 1706 to support the tobacco trade with Europe and established the Town ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Philip Perlman
Philip B. Perlman (March 5, 1890, Baltimore – July 31, 1960) was a Baltimore native, the son of Benjamin and Rose Nathan Perlman. Graduating from Baltimore City College secondary school in 1908, Perlman worked as a reporter for the ''Baltimore American'' while studying political economy at Johns Hopkins University. He studied law at the University of Maryland School of Law, being admitted to the bar one year prior to receiving a law degree in 1912. He began working for '' The Evening Sun'' in 1910, first as a court reporter, and then as City Editor from 1913–1917. It was probably at this time that he got to know H. L. Mencken. Leaving newspaper work in 1917, Perlman began many years of public service, interspersed with private law practice. Initially he worked under then Attorney General of Maryland, Albert C. Ritchie, as an assistant in the State Law Department, then became Assistant Maryland Attorney General in 1918. With Ritchie's election to the Maryland govern ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
United States Solicitor General
The solicitor general of the United States (USSG or SG), is the fourth-highest-ranking official within the United States Department of Justice (DOJ), and represents the federal government in cases before the Supreme Court of the United States. The solicitor general is appointed by the president and reports directly to the United States attorney general. The solicitor general's office argues on behalf of the federal government in almost every Supreme Court case in which the United States is a party and also represents in most cases in which the government has filed a brief as ''amicus curiae''. In the United States courts of appeals, the solicitor general's office reviews cases decided against the United States and determines whether the government will seek review in the Supreme Court. The solicitor general's office also reviews cases decided against the United States in the United States district courts and decides whether the government will file an appeal. Dean John Sauer i ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Loren Miller (judge)
Loren Miller (January 20, 1903 – July 14, 1967) was an American journalist, civil rights activist, attorney, and judge. Miller was appointed to the Los Angeles County Superior Court by governor Edmund G. "Pat" Brown in 1964 and served until his death in 1967. Miller was a specialist in housing discrimination, whose involvement in the early stages of the Civil Rights Movement earned him a reputation as a tenacious fighter for equal housing opportunities for minorities. Miller argued some of the most historic civil rights cases ever heard before the Supreme Court of the United States. He was chief counsel before the court in the 1948 decision that led to the outlawing of racial restrictive covenants, ''Shelley v. Kraemer''. Early life and education Miller was born 1903 in Pender, Nebraska. His father, John Bird Miller, was born in to slavery. His mother, Nora Herbaugh, was a native of Stoutland, Missouri, and of German and Irish descent. His family moved to Kansas when he wa ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Thurgood Marshall
Thoroughgood "Thurgood" Marshall (July 2, 1908 – January 24, 1993) was an American civil rights lawyer and jurist who served as an associate justice of the Supreme Court of the United States from 1967 until 1991. He was the Supreme Court's first African-American justice. Prior to his judicial service, he was an attorney who fought for civil rights, leading the NAACP Legal Defense and Educational Fund. Marshall was a prominent figure in the movement to end racial segregation in American public schools. He won 29 of the 32 civil rights cases he argued before the Supreme Court, culminating in the Court's landmark 1954 decision in ''Brown v. Board of Education'', which rejected the separate but equal doctrine and held segregation in public education to be unconstitutional. President Lyndon B. Johnson appointed Marshall to the Supreme Court in 1967. A staunch liberal, he frequently dissented as the Court became increasingly conservative. Born in Baltimore, Maryland, Mar ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
George L
George may refer to: Names * George (given name) * George (surname) People * George (singer), American-Canadian singer George Nozuka, known by the mononym George * George Papagheorghe, also known as Jorge / GEØRGE * George, stage name of Giorgio Moroder * George, son of Andrew I of Hungary Places South Africa * George, South Africa, a city ** George Airport United States * George, Iowa, a city * George, Missouri, a ghost town * George, Washington, a city * George County, Mississippi * George Air Force Base, a former U.S. Air Force base located in California Computing * George (algebraic compiler) also known as 'Laning and Zierler system', an algebraic compiler by Laning and Zierler in 1952 * GEORGE (computer), early computer built by Argonne National Laboratory in 1957 * GEORGE (operating system), a range of operating systems (George 1–4) for the ICT 1900 range of computers in the 1960s * GEORGE (programming language), an autocode system invented by Charles Leo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
