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Seneferu
Sneferu or Soris (c. 2600 BC) was an ancient Egyptian monarch and the first pharaoh of the Fourth Dynasty of Egypt, during the earlier half of the Old Kingdom of Egypt, Old Kingdom period (26th century BC). He introduced major innovations in the design and construction of pyramid, pyramids, and at least three of his pyramids survive to this day. Estimates of his reign vary, with for instance ''The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt'' suggesting a reign from around 2613 to 2589 BC, a reign of 24 years, while Rolf Krauss suggests a 30-year reign, and Rainer Stadelmann a 48-year reign. Sneferu's name His name means "He has perfected me", from ''Ḥr-nb-mꜣꜥt-snfr-wj'' "Horus, Lord of Maat, has perfected me", and is sometimes read Snefru or Snofru. He is also known under his Hellenization, Hellenized name Soris ( by Manetho). Reign length The 24-year Turin King List, Turin Canon figure for Sneferu's reign is considered today to be an underestimate since this king's highest-known da ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ranefer
Ranefer (or Ranofer) was a prince of ancient Egypt during the 4th Dynasty (Old Kingdom of Egypt). His name, Ranefer, comes from the Egyptian god Ra and the Ancient Egyptian word nefer (''nfr''), meaning "beauty." Ranefer, who had the title ''King’s Son'', was a son of Pharaoh Sneferu, who was the first ruler of the Fourth Dynasty. Ranefer’s mother was Sneferu’s wife or concubine; her name is unknown. Ranefer’s elder brothers were Nefermaat I and Rahotep. Ranefer worked as an overseer for his father (title: “Overseer of Djed-Sneferu”) and was buried inside a mastaba tomb at Meidum. In the tomb were found remains of viscera wrapped in linen. Ranefer’s body is the best representation of what mummification techniques entailed during the Old Kingdom. His body was facing east, was molded as well as painted. The mummy’s hair was painted black, the eyebrows and eyes were painted green whilst the mouth was painted red. The genitals were also carefully molded, the bra ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Egyptian Museum
The Museum of Egyptian Antiquities, commonly known as the Egyptian Museum (, Egyptian Arabic: ) (also called the Cairo Museum), located in Cairo, Egypt, houses the largest collection of Ancient Egypt, Egyptian antiquities in the world. It houses over 120,000 items, with a representative amount on display. Located in Tahrir Square in a building built in 1901, it is the list of largest art museums, largest museum in Africa. Among its masterpieces are Pharaoh Tutankhamun's treasure, including its iconic Mask of Tutankhamun, gold burial mask, widely considered one of the best-known works of art in the world and a prominent symbol of ancient Egypt. History The Egyptian Museum of Antiquities contains many important pieces of ancient Egyptian history. It houses the world's largest collection of Pharaonic antiquities. The Egyptian government established the museum built in 1835 near the Azbakeya, Ezbekieh Garden and later moved to the Cairo Citadel. In 1855, Maximilian I of Mexico, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Princess Hetepheres
Princess Hetepheres (or Hetepheres A) was an Egyptian princess who lived during the 4th Dynasty. Hetepheres was the daughter of King Sneferu and the wife of vizier Ankhhaf. Biography Princess Hetepheres A was a daughter of Pharaoh Sneferu and her mother was Queen Hetepheres I. Princess Hetepheres married her younger half-brother Ankhhaf, who was a vizier.Dodson, Aidan and Hilton, Dyan. The Complete Royal Families of Ancient Egypt. Thames & Hudson. 2004. Hetepheres is depicted in Ankhhaf's tomb in Giza (G 7010). Hetepheres had the titles "eldest king's daughter of his body", "the one whom he loves" and "Priestess of Sneferu". She would have been a person of some importance as the wife of a vizier and as the sister of Pharaoh Khufu Khufu or Cheops (died 2566 BC) was an ancient Egyptian monarch who was the second pharaoh of the Fourth Dynasty of Egypt, Fourth Dynasty, in the first half of the Old Kingdom of Egypt, Old Kingdom period (26th century BC). Khufu succeed ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Manetho
Manetho (; ''Manéthōn'', ''gen''.: Μανέθωνος, ''fl''. 290–260 BCE) was an Egyptian priest of the Ptolemaic Kingdom who lived in the early third century BCE, at the very beginning of the Hellenistic period. Little is certain about his life. He is known today as the author of a history of Egypt in Greek called the '' Aegyptiaca'' (''History of Egypt''), written during the reign of Ptolemy I Soter or Ptolemy II Philadelphus (285–246 BCE). None of Manetho’s original texts have survived; they are lost literary works, known only from fragments transmitted by later authors of classical and late antiquity. The remaining fragments of the ''Aegyptiaca'' continue to be a singular resource for delineating Egyptian chronology, more than two millennia since its composition. Until the decipherment of Ancient Egyptian scripts in the early 19th century CE, Manetho's fragments were an essential source for understanding Egyptian history. His work remains of unique importan ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hellenization
Hellenization or Hellenification is the adoption of Greek culture, religion, language, and identity by non-Greeks. In the ancient period, colonisation often led to the Hellenisation of indigenous people in the Hellenistic period, many of the territories which were conquered by Alexander the Great were Hellenized. Etymology The first known use of a verb that means "to Hellenize" was in Greek (ἑλληνίζειν) and by Thucydides (5th century BC), who wrote that the Amphilochian Argives were Hellenised as to their language by the Ambraciots, which shows that the word perhaps already referred to more than language.. The similar word Hellenism, which is often used as a synonym, is used in 2 Maccabees (c. 124 BC) and the Book of Acts (c. AD 80–90) to refer to clearly much more than language, though it is disputed what that may have entailed. Background Historical By the 4th century BC, the process of Hellenization had started in southwestern Anatolia's Lycia, Cari ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Jaromír Málek
Jaromír Málek (5 October 1943 – 23 May 2023) was a Czech Egyptologist. Biography Málek served as keeper of the Griffith Institute of Oxford University The University of Oxford is a collegiate research university in Oxford, England. There is evidence of teaching as early as 1096, making it the oldest university in the English-speaking world and the second-oldest continuously operating u ... and was an editor for ''Topographical Bibliography'' from 1968 to 2011. He also maintained seven volumes of '. He published a catalog of four Egyptology rooms at the Ashmolean Museum and kept another catalog of hieroglyphic curses. Málek was associated with the publication of the atlas ''Guide Bleu : Égypte'' by Madeleine Baud and wrote several journal articles for the '' Journal of Egyptian Archaeology''. He served as president of the International Association of Egyptologists for three years. Jaromir Málek died on 23 May 2023, at the age of 79, in the United Kingdom. ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pyramid
A pyramid () is a structure whose visible surfaces are triangular in broad outline and converge toward the top, making the appearance roughly a pyramid in the geometric sense. The base of a pyramid can be of any polygon shape, such as triangular or quadrilateral, and its surface-lines either filled or stepped. A pyramid has the majority of its mass closer to the ground with less mass towards the pyramidion at the apex. This is due to the gradual decrease in the cross-sectional area along the vertical axis with increasing elevation. This offers a weight distribution that allowed early civilizations to create monumental structures.Ancient civilizations in many parts of the world pioneered the building of pyramids. The largest pyramid by volume is the Mesoamerican Great Pyramid of Cholula, in the Mexican state of Puebla. For millennia, the largest structures on Earth were pyramids—first the Red Pyramid in the Dashur Necropolis and then the Great Pyramid of Khufu, bot ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Old Kingdom Of Egypt
In ancient Egyptian history, the Old Kingdom is the period spanning –2200 BC. It is also known as the "Age of the Pyramids" or the "Age of the Pyramid Builders", as it encompasses the reigns of the great pyramid-builders of the Fourth Dynasty of Egypt, Fourth Dynasty, such as King Sneferu, under whom the art of pyramid-building was perfected, and the kings Khufu, Khafre and Menkaure, who commissioned the construction of the Giza pyramid complex, pyramids at Giza. Ancient Egypt, Egypt attained its first sustained peak of civilization during the Old Kingdom, the first of three so-called "Kingdom" Egyptian chronology, periods (followed by the Middle Kingdom of Egypt, Middle Kingdom and New Kingdom of Egypt, New Kingdom), which mark the high points of civilization in the lower Nile Valley. The Periodization of Ancient Egypt, concept of an "Old Kingdom" as one of three "golden ages" was coined in 1845 by the German Egyptology, Egyptologist Christian Charles Josias von Bunsen, Baron ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pharaoh
Pharaoh (, ; Egyptian language, Egyptian: ''wikt:pr ꜥꜣ, pr ꜥꜣ''; Meroitic language, Meroitic: 𐦲𐦤𐦧, ; Biblical Hebrew: ''Parʿō'') was the title of the monarch of ancient Egypt from the First Dynasty of Egypt, First Dynasty () until the Roman Egypt, annexation of Egypt by the Roman Republic in 30 BCE. However, the equivalent Egyptian language, Egyptian word for "king" was the term used most frequently by the ancient Egyptians for their monarchs, regardless of gender, through the middle of the Eighteenth Dynasty during the New Kingdom of Egypt, New Kingdom. The earliest confirmed instances of "pharaoh" used contemporaneously for a ruler were a letter to Akhenaten (reigned –1336 BCE) or an inscription possibly referring to Thutmose III (–1425 BCE). In the early dynasties, ancient Egyptian kings had as many as ancient Egyptian royal titulary, three titles: the Horus name, Horus, the prenomen (Ancient Egypt), Sedge and Bee (wikt:nswt-bjtj, ''nswt-bjtj''), and ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bent Pyramid
The Bent Pyramid is an ancient Egyptian pyramid located at the royal necropolis of Dahshur, approximately south of Cairo, built under the Old Kingdom King Sneferu. A unique example of early pyramid development in Ancient Egypt, Egypt, this was the second of four pyramids built by Sneferu. The Bent Pyramid rises from the desert at a 54-degree inclination, but the top section (above ) is built at the shallower angle of 43 degrees, lending the pyramid a visibly "bent" appearance. Overview Archaeologists now believe that the Bent Pyramid represents a change from the Step pyramid, step-sided pyramids of before to smooth-sided Pyramid, pyramids. It has been suggested that due to the steepness of the original angle of inclination the structure may have begun to show signs of instability during construction, forcing the builders to adopt a shallower angle to avert the structure's collapse. This theory appears to be born out by the fact that the adjacent Red Pyramid, built immediately ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Meidum Pyramid
Meidum, Maydum or Maidum (, , ) is an archaeological site in Lower Egypt. It contains a large pyramid and several mudbrick mastabas. The pyramid was Egypt's first straight-sided one, but it partially collapsed in ancient times. The area is located around south of modern Cairo. Pyramid The pyramid at Meidum is thought to be just the second pyramid of four built by Sneferu after Djoser's and may have been originally built for Huni, the last pharaoh of the Third Dynasty, and continued by Sneferu. Because of its unusual appearance, the pyramid is called ''el-heram el-kaddaab'' (''false pyramid'') in Egyptian Arabic. The pyramid was erected in three phases, numbered E1, E2 and E3 by the archaeologist Borchardt. E1 was a step pyramid similar to the Djoser Pyramid. E2 was an extension around the previous building of roughly 5 m width or 10 cubits, raising the number of steps from 5 to 7. The second extension, E3, turned the original step pyramid design into a true pyramid by fill ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Red Pyramid
The Red Pyramid, also called the North Pyramid, is the largest of the pyramids located at the Dahshur necropolis in Cairo, Egypt. Named for the rusty reddish hue of its red limestone stones, it is also the third largest Egyptian pyramid, after those of Khufu and Khafre at Giza. It is also believed to be Egypt's first successful attempt at constructing a "true" smooth-sided pyramid. Local residents refer to the Red Pyramid as ''el-heram el-watwaat'', meaning the Bat Pyramid. The Red Pyramid was not always red. It used to be cased with white Tura limestone, but only a few of these stones now remain at the pyramid's base, at the corner. During the Middle Ages much of the white Tura limestone was taken for buildings in Cairo, revealing the red limestone beneath. History The Red Pyramid was the third pyramid of four built by Old Kingdom Pharaoh Sneferu, and was built 2575–2563 BCE. The Red Pyramid is located approximately to the north of the Bent Pyramid. It is built at the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
