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Seadornavirus
''Seadornavirus'' is a genus of viruses, in the family ''Reoviridae'', in the subfamily ''Sedoreovirinae''. Human, cattle, pig, and mosquitoes serve as natural hosts. There are three species in this genus: ''Banna virus'' (BAV), ''Kadipiro virus'' and ''Liao ning virus''. Each of these viruses has been isolated from ''Aedes'', ''Anopheles'' and ''Culex'' mosquito populations, but only BAV has been shown to cause infection in humans, in which the symptoms are similar to Japanese encephalitis—fever, malaise and encephalitis.Attoui H, Mohd Jaafar F, de Lamballerie X, Mertens PPC Seadornavirus, Reoviridae In: Fauquet CM, Mayo MA, Maniloff J, Desselberger U, Ball LA, editors. Virus taxonomy: eighth report of the international committee on taxonomy of viruses. London: Elsevier/Academic Press; 2005. p. 504–10 The word ''seadornavirus'' is an portmanteau, meaning Southeast Asian dodeca RNA virus. Taxonomy The following three species are assigned to the genus: *''Banna virus'' *''Kadi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Banna Virus
Banna virus (BAV) is a virus belonging to '' Reoviridae'', a family of segmented, non-enveloped, double-stranded RNA viruses. It is an arbovirus, being primarily transmitted to humans from the bite of infected mosquitoes of the genus '' Culex''. Pigs and cattle have also been shown to become infected. The most common symptom of infection is fever, but in some cases encephalitis may occur. There is no specific treatment for infection, so treatment is aimed at alleviating the severity of symptoms until the immune system has cleared the infection. Virology Structure and genome BAV is a small (72–75 nm in size), non-enveloped, double-stranded RNA virus surrounded by an icosahedral protein coat. Fibre proteins extend outward from the surface of the protein coat. The genome of BAV is about 19,500 base pairs in length, linear and segmented into 12 parts, encoding for genes VP1-12. Seven of these, VP1-4 and VP8-10, are structural proteins. VP4 and VP9 form the outer protein coat ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Kadipiro Virus
''Kadipiro virus'' (KDV) is a member of the virus family ''Reoviridae''. It is an arbovirus and has been isolated from ''Culex'', ''Anopheles'', ''Armigeres'', and ''Aedes'' mosquitoes in Indonesia and China. Other members of the genus ''Seadornavirus'' have been linked to viral encephalitis. Characteristics The ''Kadipiro virus'' contains 12 segments of double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) with a 21,000 base-pair genome. The capsid is icosahedral and naked, though it does temporarily acquire a viral envelope as it buds from a host cell. ''Sedoreovirinae'' viruses contain and inner, intermediate and outer capsid. The capsid is 70 nanometers in diameter with capsid spikes and 7 structural proteins. Taxonomy The ''Kadipiro virus'' was once classified as ''Coltivirus JKT-7075''. It has been reclassified to the genus ''Seadornavirus'' of the subfamily ''Sedoreovirinae'' within the family ''Reoviridae''. The ''Reoviridae'' have not been assigned to an order. Due to the dsRNA nature of the vi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sedoreovirinae
''Sedoreovirinae'' (''sedo'' = smooth) is a subfamily of the ''Reoviridae'' family of viruses. Viruses in this subfamily are distinguished by the absence of a turreted protein on the inner capsid to produce a smooth surface. Characteristics Like other members of the ''Reoviridae'' family, viruses of the ''Sedoreovirinae'' subfamily are made of naked, icosahedral capsids containing 10-12 segments of linear double-stranded RNA (dsRNA). The Baltimore System of viral classification categorizes ''Reoviridae'' in Group III. Importance Viruses classified in the ''Sedoreovirinae'' subfamily infect a wide range of plants and animals, including some that can infect humans. There is not only the potential of a few of these viruses to cause human disease, but also to reduce the supply of crops and livestock. Viruses Genus ''Cardoreovirus'' '' Eriocheir sinensis reovirus'' was isolated out of a Chinese mitten crab (''Eriocheir sinensis''). No currently known associated disease. Genus ''Mim ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Liao Ning Virus
Liao ning virus (LNV) is a virus belonging to the genus ''Seadornavirus'' within the family ''Reoviridae'', a family of segmented, non-enveloped, double-stranded RNA viruses. LNV was first discovered in '' Aedes dorsalis'' populations in the Liaoning province of the People's Republic of China in 2006 from mosquito samples obtained in 1997. Its geographic distribution was previously thought to be limited to China, but it has since been found in mosquito populations in Australia. In addition to ''Aedes dorsalis'', LNV has been isolated from ''Culex'' species. Virology LNV's genome is about 20,700 base pairs in length, and is segmented into 12 parts, with each segment having a major open reading frame that encodes for proteins VP1–12. VP10, believed to be a capsid protein, is responsible for determining the serotype, of which two serotypes have been identified to date. VP1 is most likely the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, VP3 is likely guanylyltransferase, a capping enzyme, VP7 s ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Reoviridae
''Reoviridae'' is a family of double-stranded RNA viruses. Member viruses have a wide host range, including vertebrates, invertebrates, plants, protists and fungi. They lack lipid envelopes and package their segmented genome within multi-layered capsids. Lack of a lipid envelope has allowed three-dimensional structures of these large complex viruses (diameter ∼60–100 nm) to be obtained, revealing a structural and likely evolutionary relationship to the cystovirus family of bacteriophage. There are currently 97 species in this family, divided among 15 genera in two subfamilies. Reoviruses can affect the gastrointestinal system (such as rotaviruses) and respiratory tract. The name "reo-" is an acronym for "''r''espiratory ''e''nteric ''o''rphan" viruses''.'' The term " orphan virus" refers to the fact that some of these viruses have been observed not associated with any known disease. Even though viruses in the family ''Reoviridae'' have more recently been identified with ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Transmission Electron Micrograph
Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) is a microscopy technique in which a beam of electrons is transmitted through a specimen to form an image. The specimen is most often an ultrathin section less than 100 nm thick or a suspension on a grid. An image is formed from the interaction of the electrons with the sample as the beam is transmitted through the specimen. The image is then magnified and focused onto an imaging device, such as a fluorescent screen, a layer of photographic film, or a sensor such as a scintillator attached to a charge-coupled device. Transmission electron microscopes are capable of imaging at a significantly higher resolution than light microscopes, owing to the smaller de Broglie wavelength of electrons. This enables the instrument to capture fine detail—even as small as a single column of atoms, which is thousands of times smaller than a resolvable object seen in a light microscope. Transmission electron microscopy is a major analytical method i ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Viruses
A virus is a submicroscopic infectious agent that replicates only inside the living cells Cell most often refers to: * Cell (biology), the functional basic unit of life Cell may also refer to: Locations * Monastic cell, a small room, hut, or cave in which a religious recluse lives, alternatively the small precursor of a monastery w ... of an organism. Viruses infect all life forms, from animals and plants to microorganisms, including bacteria and archaea. Since Dmitri Ivanovsky's 1892 article describing a non-bacterial pathogen infecting tobacco plants and the discovery of the tobacco mosaic virus by Martinus Beijerinck in 1898,Dimmock p. 4 more than 9,000 virus species have been described in detail of the millions of types of viruses in the environment. Viruses are found in almost every ecosystem on Earth and are the most numerous type of biological entity. The study of viruses is known as virology, a subspeciality of microbiology. When infected, a host cell is ofte ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Aedes
''Aedes'' is a genus of mosquitoes originally found in tropical and subtropical zones, but now found on all continents except perhaps Antarctica. Some species have been spread by human activity: ''Aedes albopictus'', a particularly invasive species, was spread to the New World, including the United States, in the 1980s, by the used-tire trade. First described and named by German entomologist Johann Wilhelm Meigen in 1818, the generic name comes from the Ancient Greek ἀηδής, ''aēdēs'', meaning "unpleasant" or "odious". The type species for ''Aedes'' is '' Aedes cinereus''.. Systematics and phylogeny The genus was named by Johann Wilhelm Meigen in 1818. The generic name comes from the Ancient Greek ἀηδής, ''aēdēs'', meaning "unpleasant" or "odious". As historically defined, the genus contains over 700 species (see the list of ''Aedes'' species). The genus has been divided into several subgenera (''Aedes'', '' Diceromyia'', '' Finlaya'', ''Stegomyia'', etc.) ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Anopheles
''Anopheles'' () is a genus of mosquito first described and named by J. W. Meigen in 1818. About 460 species are recognised; while over 100 can transmit human malaria, only 30–40 commonly transmit parasites of the genus '' Plasmodium'', which cause malaria in humans in endemic areas. ''Anopheles gambiae'' is one of the best known, because of its predominant role in the transmission of the most dangerous malaria parasite species (to humans) – ''Plasmodium falciparum''. The name comes from the Ancient Greek word 'useless', derived from , 'not', 'un-' and 'profit'. Mosquitoes in other genera ('' Aedes'', '' Culex'', ''Culiseta'', ''Haemagogus'', and '' Ochlerotatus'') can also serve as vectors of disease agents, but not human malaria. Evolution The ancestors of '' Drosophila'' and the mosquitoes diverged . The culicine and ''Anopheles'' clades of mosquitoes diverged between and . The Old and New World ''Anopheles'' species subsequently diverged between and . ''An ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Culex
''Culex'' is a genus of mosquitoes, several species of which serve as vectors of one or more important diseases of birds, humans, and other animals. The diseases they vector include arbovirus infections such as West Nile virus, Japanese encephalitis, or St. Louis encephalitis, but also filariasis and avian malaria. They occur worldwide except for the extreme northern parts of the temperate zone, and are the most common form of mosquito encountered in some major U.S. cities, such as Los Angeles. Etymology In naming this genus, Carl Linnaeus appropriated the nonspecific Latin term for a midge or gnat: '. Description Depending on the species, the adult ''Culex'' mosquito may measure from . The adult morphology is typical of flies in the suborder Nematocera with the head, thorax, and abdomen clearly defined and the two forewings held horizontally over the abdomen when at rest. As in all Diptera capable of flight, the second pair of wings is reduced and modified into tiny, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Japanese Encephalitis
Japanese encephalitis (JE) is an infection of the brain caused by the Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV). While most infections result in little or no symptoms, occasional inflammation of the brain occurs. In these cases, symptoms may include headache, vomiting, fever, confusion and seizures. This occurs about 5 to 15 days after infection. JEV is generally spread by mosquitoes, specifically those of the '' Culex'' type. Pigs and wild birds serve as a reservoir for the virus. The disease occurs mostly outside of cities. Diagnosis is based on blood or cerebrospinal fluid testing. Prevention is generally with the Japanese encephalitis vaccine, which is both safe and effective. Other measures include avoiding mosquito bites. Once infected, there is no specific treatment, with care being supportive. This is generally carried out in a hospital. Permanent problems occur in up to half of people who recover from JE. The disease primarily occurs in East and Southeast Asia as wel ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Fever
Fever, also referred to as pyrexia, is defined as having a temperature above the normal range due to an increase in the body's temperature set point. There is not a single agreed-upon upper limit for normal temperature with sources using values between in humans. The increase in set point triggers increased muscle contractions and causes a feeling of cold or chills. This results in greater heat production and efforts to conserve heat. When the set point temperature returns to normal, a person feels hot, becomes flushed, and may begin to sweat. Rarely a fever may trigger a febrile seizure, with this being more common in young children. Fevers do not typically go higher than . A fever can be caused by many medical conditions ranging from non-serious to life-threatening. This includes viral, bacterial, and parasitic infections—such as influenza, the common cold, meningitis, urinary tract infections, appendicitis, Lassa, COVID-19, and malaria. Non-infectious cause ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
