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Savadkuh County
Savadkuh County () is in Mazandaran province, Mazandaran province, Iran. Its capital is the city of Pol-e Sefid, Mazandaran, Pol-e Sefid. History Darius the Great, the Achaemenid Empire, Achaemenid Persians, Persian monarch, mentions Pâtišvâreš in the Behistun Inscription, Behistun inscription as one of the territories under his rule. This Old Persian form subsequently became Middle Persian Pateŝxârgar and, following the Arab conquest, Perso-Arabic Faršavâdjar. The Greeks, Greek historiographer Strabo records this name as Prâxovâtrâs. In his inscription at Ka'ba-ye Zartosht, the second Sassanid Persians, Persian monarch Shapur I, refers to the region as Pâdešxâr. In the ''Karnamag-i Artaxshir-i Papakan, Book of Deeds of Ardashir, Son of Babag'', it is Patešxâr again. Ibn Isfandiyar and Mir Zahir al-Din Mar'ashi – the old geographers of Mazandaran – give its name as Patešxârgar as a large area in present-day Mazandaran, including Azerbaijan (disambiguatio ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Counties Of Iran
Iran's counties (, Romanization, romanized as ''šahrestân'') are administrative divisions of larger Provinces of Iran, provinces (''ostan''). The word ''shahrestan'' comes from the Persian words ' (city) and ' ("place, land"). "County", therefore, is a near equivalent to (šahrestân). Counties are divided into one or more districts ( ). A typical district includes both cities ( ) and rural districts ( ), which are groupings of adjacent villages. One city within the county serves as the capital of that county, generally in its Central District. Each county is governed by an office known as ''farmândâri'', which coordinates different public events and agencies and is headed by a ''farmândâr'', the governor of the county and the highest-ranking official in the division. Among the provinces of Iran, Fars province, Fars has the highest number of ''shahrestans'' (37), while Qom province, Qom has the fewest (3). In 2005 Iran had 324 ''shahrestans'', while in as of now there ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Middle Persian
Middle Persian, also known by its endonym Pārsīk or Pārsīg ( Inscriptional Pahlavi script: , Manichaean script: , Avestan script: ) in its later form, is a Western Middle Iranian language which became the literary language of the Sasanian Empire. For some time after the Sasanian collapse, Middle Persian continued to function as a prestige language. It descended from Old Persian, the language of the Achaemenid Empire and is the linguistic ancestor of Modern Persian, the official language of Iran (also known as Persia), Afghanistan ( Dari) and Tajikistan ( Tajik). Name "Middle Iranian" is the name given to the middle stage of development of the numerous Iranian languages and dialects. The middle stage of the Iranian languages begins around 450 BCE and ends around 650 CE. One of those Middle Iranian languages is Middle Persian, i.e. the middle stage of the language of the Persians, an Iranian people of Persia proper, which lies in the south-western Iran highlands on ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bavand Dynasty
The Bavand dynasty () (also spelled Bavend), or simply the Bavandids, was an Iranian dynasty that ruled in parts of Tabaristan (present-day Mazandaran province) in what is now northern Iran from 651 until 1349, alternating between outright independence and submission as vassals to more powerful regional rulers. They ruled for 698 years, which is the second longest dynasty of Iran after the Baduspanids. Origins The dynasty itself traced its descent back to Bav, who was alleged to be a grandson of the Sasanian prince Kawus, brother of Khosrow I, and son of the shah Kavad I (ruled 488–531), who supposedly fled to Tabaristan from the Muslim conquest of Persia. He rallied the locals around him, repelled the first Arab attacks, and reigned for fifteen years until he was murdered by a certain Valash, who ruled the country for eight years. Bav's son, Sohrab or Sorkab ( Surkhab I), established himself at Perim on the eastern mountain ranges of Tabaristan, which thereafter became t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Qumis (region)
Qūmis (, from ; ; ), was a province in pre-Islamic Persia, lying between the southern Alborz chain watershed and the northern fringes of the Dasht-e Kavir. During the Sasanian Empire, it designated the area lying between the provinces of Ray and Hyrcania (Gurgan) and was part of the province of Padishkhwargar. Qumis became a province in medieval Iran. Its western boundaries lay in the eastern rural districts of Ray while in the east it marched with Khurasan. It was bisected by the Great Khurasan Road, along which were situated the major cities of (from west to east) Khuwar (now Aradan), Semnan, Shahr-i Qumis ("Hecatompylos", the administrative capital, now Damghan), and Bistam, while in its southeastern extremity lay the town of Biyar (now Beyarjomand). The 856 Damghan earthquake killed around 200,000 people. It was one of the deadliest earthquakes in recorded history. There are remains of several Ismaili stronghlolds in the region, notably Gerdkuh, most of which ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Tabaristan
Tabaristan or Tabarestan (; ; from , ), was a mountainous region located on the Caspian coast of northern Iran. It corresponded to the present-day province of Mazandaran, which became the predominant name of the area from the 11th-century onwards. History Pre-Islamic era Tabaristan was named after the Tapurians, who had been deported there from Parthia by the Parthian king Phraates I (). At the advent of the Sasanians, the region, along with Gilan and Daylam, was part of the Padishkhwargar kingdom of king Gushnasp, who is mentioned in the Letter of Tansar. He submitted to the first Sasanian King of Kings () Ardashir I () after being guaranteed to keep his kingdom. His line would continue ruling Padishkhwargar until the second reign of Kavad I (), who removed the dynasty from power and appointed his son Kawus in its stead. Under the Sasanians, Tabaristan enjoyed considerable autonomy. They most likely left most of the affairs to the locals. The mint signature of "AM" is ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Gilan
Gilan Province () is one of the 31 provinces of Iran, in the northwest of the country and southwest of the Caspian Sea. Its capital is the city of Rasht. The province lies along the Caspian Sea, in Iran's Region 3, west of the province of Mazandaran, east of the province of Ardabil, and north of the provinces of Zanjan and Qazvin. It borders Azerbaijan ( Astara District) in the north. The northern section of the province is part of the territory of South (Iranian) Talysh. At the center of the province is Rasht. Other cities include Astaneh-ye Ashrafiyeh, Astara, Fuman, Hashtpar, Lahijan, Langarud, Masuleh, Manjil, Rudbar, Rudsar, Shaft, Siahkal, and Sowme'eh Sara. The main port is Bandar-e Anzali, formerly known as Bandar-e Pahlavi. History Paleolithic Early humans were present at Gilan since Lower Paleolithic. Darband Cave is the earliest known human habitation site in Gilan province; it is located in a deep tributary canyon of the Siah Varud and contains ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Azerbaijan (other)
Azerbaijan, officially the Republic of Azerbaijan, is a country in the South Caucasus. Azerbaijan, Azarbaijan or Azərbaycan may also refer to: * Azerbaijan (Iran), a historical region in northwestern Iran, where ancient Ātṛpātakāna was located, today spanning three provinces of Iran * Whole Azerbaijan, irredentist concept of uniting territories into the Republic of Azerbaijan Historical entities In Iran * Ātṛpātakāna, ancient kingdom (c. 323 BC – 226 AD) * Adurbadagan, Sasanian province (226–651) * Azerbaijan province (Safavid Iran), Safavid province (1501–1736) * Azerbaijan People's Government, a short-lived autonomous state (1945–46) In the South Caucasus * Azerbaijan Democratic Republic The Azerbaijan Democratic Republic (), also known as the Azerbaijan People's Republic (; ), was the first secular democracy, democratic republic in the Turkic peoples, Turkic and Muslim worlds. *Tadeusz Swietochowski. ''Russia and Azerbaijan: ..., a short-lived sta ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Zahir Al-Din Mar'ashi
Zahir al-Din Mar'ashi Amoli () was a Persian commander, diplomat and historian. He is the author of several books on the history of Tabarestan. He was born in 812 AH (1412 AD) and died after 894 AH (1489 AD). He was from Mar'ashi family, an originally seyyed family in Tabarestan who dominated the region from the later 8th/14th century until the province's incorporation into Safavid Empire by Abbas I of Persia Abbas I (; 27 January 1571 – 19 January 1629), commonly known as Abbas the Great (), was the fifth Safavid shah of Iran from 1588 to 1629. The third son of Shah Mohammad Khodabanda, he is generally considered one of the most important rulers i ... in 1005/1596. He stemmed from the main branch of Mar'ashis, that of Kamal al-Din ibn Kiwan al-Din. He owned states at Bazargah at Gilan and was employed by Sultan Muhammad II of Kar Kia line in Gilan and then by his son an successor Mirza Ali. He was sent to resolve militarily a succession dispute in adjacent Rustamdar and ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ibn Isfandiyar
Baha al-Din Muhammad ibn Hasan ibn Isfandiyar (), commonly known as Ibn Isfandiyar (), was a 13th-century Iranian historian from Tabaristan who wrote a history of his native province, the ''Tarikh-i Tabaristan''. What little is known of his life comes from the introduction of this work. Biography Ibn Isfandiyar belonged to a prominent bureaucratic family from Amol, the capital of Tabaristan. His father Hasan was a high-ranking court official of the Bavandids, the ruling dynasty of Tabaristan. In his early career, Ibn Isfandiyar was a member of the court of the Bavandids and enjoyed the patronage of Ardashir I (died 1206). He began compiling material for his history in 1206, which up to then mainly consisted of the ''Bavand-nameh'', a now-lost, presumably Persian work which Ibn Isfandiyar viewed as a Bavandid romance only. In 1209 he travelled briefly to Baghdad. On his return, he stayed for two months in Rayy, where he came across in Rustam ibn Shahriyar's library the ''Uqidu s ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Karnamag-i Artaxshir-i Papakan
The (''Book of the Deeds of Ardashir, Son of Papag'') is a short Middle Persian prose tale written in the Sasanian period (226–651). It tells the story of Ardashir I, the founder of the Sasanian dynasty, including his rise to the throne, battle against the Parthian king Artabanus IV, and conquest of the Parthian Empire. It also contains sections about his successor Shapur and the latter’s son, Hormizd. According to the ''Kar-Namag'', after Ardashir was born to Sasan and the daughter of Pabag, he spent his childhood in the court of Artabanus IV of Parthia and then ran away with a maidservant of the king. After several wars with Artabanus, Ardashir I defeated and killed the king, after which he founded the new empire. The ''Kar-Namag'' is permeated with Zoroastrian doctrine. Manuscripts The sole independent manuscript of this text to have been identified so far is codex MK, which was copied in 1322 in Gujarat by Mihrābān ī Kay-Husraw, a gifted copyist belonging to a well- ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Shapur I
Shapur I (also spelled Shabuhr I; ) was the second Sasanian Empire, Sasanian King of Kings of Iran. The precise dating of his reign is disputed, but it is generally agreed that he ruled from 240 to 270, with his father Ardashir I as co-regent until the death of the latter in 242. During his co-regency, he helped his father with the conquest and destruction of the city of Hatra, whose fall was facilitated, according to Islamic tradition, by the actions of his future wife al-Nadirah. Shapur also consolidated and expanded the empire of Ardashir I, waged war against the Roman Empire, and seized its cities of Nusaybin, Nisibis and Harran, Carrhae while he was advancing as far as Roman Syria. Although he was defeated at the Battle of Resaena in 243 by Roman emperor Gordian III (), the following year he was able to win the Battle of Misiche and force the new Roman emperor Philip the Arab () to sign a favorable peace treaty that was regarded by the Romans as "a most shameful treaty". Sh ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sassanid
The Sasanian Empire (), officially Eranshahr ( , "Empire of the Iranian peoples, Iranians"), was an List of monarchs of Iran, Iranian empire that was founded and ruled by the House of Sasan from 224 to 651. Enduring for over four centuries, the length of the Sasanian dynasty's reign over ancient Iran was second only to the directly preceding Arsacid dynasty of Parthia. Founded by Ardashir I, whose rise coincided with the decline of Arsacid influence in the face of both internal and external strife, the House of Sasan was highly determined to restore the legacy of the Achaemenid Empire by expanding and consolidating the Iranian nation's dominions. Most notably, after defeating Artabanus IV of Parthia during the Battle of Hormozdgan in 224, it began competing far more zealously with the neighbouring Roman Empire than the Arsacids had, thus sparking a new phase of the Roman–Iranian Wars. This effort by Ardashir's dynasty ultimately re-established Iran as a major power of late an ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
