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Satellite (biology)
A satellite is a subviral agent that depends on the coinfection of a host cell with a helper virus for its replication. Satellites can be divided into two major groups: satellite viruses and satellite nucleic acids. Satellite viruses, which are most commonly associated with plants, are also found in mammals, arthropods, and bacteria. They encode structural proteins to enclose their genetic material, which are therefore distinct from the structural proteins of their helper viruses. Satellite nucleic acids, in contrast, do not encode their own structural proteins, but instead are encapsulated by proteins encoded by their helper viruses. The genomes of satellites range upward from 359 nucleotides in length for satellite tobacco ringspot virus RNA (STobRV). Most viruses have the capability to use host enzymes or their own replication machinery to independently replicate their own viral RNA. Satellites, in contrast, are completely dependent on a helper virus for replication. The sy ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Orthorhombic Crystal
In crystallography, the orthorhombic crystal system is one of the 7 crystal systems. Orthorhombic Lattice (group), lattices result from stretching a cubic crystal system, cubic lattice along two of its orthogonal pairs by two different factors, resulting in a rectangular Prism (geometry), prism with a rectangular Base (geometry), base (''a'' by ''b'') and height (''c''), such that ''a'', ''b'', and ''c'' are distinct. All three bases intersect at 90° angles, so the three lattice vectors remain mutually orthogonal. Bravais lattices There are four orthorhombic Bravais lattices: primitive orthorhombic, base-centered orthorhombic, body-centered orthorhombic, and face-centered orthorhombic. For the base-centered orthorhombic lattice, the primitive cell has the shape of a right rhombic prism;See , row oC, column Primitive, where the cell parameters are given as a1 = a2, α = β = 90° it can be constructed because the two-dimensional centered rectangular base layer can also be descr ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hepatitis B
Hepatitis B is an infectious disease caused by the '' hepatitis B virus'' (HBV) that affects the liver; it is a type of viral hepatitis. It can cause both acute and chronic infection. Many people have no symptoms during an initial infection. For others, symptoms may appear 30 to 180 days after becoming infected and can include a rapid onset of sickness with nausea, vomiting, yellowish skin, fatigue, yellow urine, and abdominal pain. Symptoms during acute infection typically last for a few weeks, though some people may feel sick for up to six months. Deaths resulting from acute stage HBV infections are rare. An HBV infection lasting longer than six months is usually considered chronic. The likelihood of developing chronic hepatitis B is higher for those who are infected with HBV at a younger age. About 90% of those infected during or shortly after birth develop chronic hepatitis B, while less than 10% of those infected after the age of five develop chronic cases. Most of those ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Chronic Bee-paralysis Satellite Virus , routines of behavior that are repeated regularly
{{disambiguation ...
Chronic may refer to: * Chronic condition, a condition or disease that is persistent or otherwise long-lasting in its effects * Chronic toxicity, a substance with toxic effects after continuous or repeated exposure * ''Chronic'' (film), a 2015 American film * ''The Chronic'', a 1992 album by Dr. Dre * ''The Chronic 2001'', a.k.a. ''The Chronic 2'', ''The Chronic II'', and ''2001'', a 1999 album by Dr. Dre * Chronic (cannabis), a slang name for high quality marijuana See also *Cronic, surname *Kronic (other) *Chronos, a personification of time in Greek mythology * Habit (psychology) A habit (or wont, as a humorous and formal term) is a routine of behavior that is repeated regularly and tends to occur subconsciously. A 1903 paper in the '' American Journal of Psychology'' defined a "habit, from the standpoint of psychology, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Nilaparvata Lugens Commensal X Virus
''Nilaparvata''Distant WL (1906) ''The fauna of British India, including Ceylon and Burma.'' 3: 503 pp. 47 is a genus of planthoppers in the subfamily Delphacinae and tribe Delphacini Leach, 1815. Species are widely distributed in the Americas, Africa, tropical Asia and Australia. The type species, ''Nilaparvata lugens'', also known as the 'brown planthopper', is a major pest of rice crops. Species ''Fulgoromorpha Lists On the Web'' includes the following: * '' Nilaparvata albotristriata'' (Kirkaldy, 1907) * '' Nilaparvata angolensis'' Synave, 1959 * '' Nilaparvata bakeri'' (Muir, 1917) * '' Nilaparvata caldwelli'' Metcalf, 1955 * '' Nilaparvata camilla'' Fennah, 1969 * '' Nilaparvata chaeremon'' Fennah, 1975 * '' Nilaparvata diophantu'' Fennah, 1958 * '' Nilaparvata gerhardi'' (Metcalf, 1923) * ''Nilaparvata lugens The brown planthopper (BPH), ''Nilaparvata lugens'' (Stål) (Hemiptera: Delphacidae) is a planthopper species that feeds on rice plants (''Oryza sativa'' L.). ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Macrobrachium Satellite Virus 1
''Macronovirus'' is the only genus of the family ''Sarthroviridae''. It contains one species: Extra small virus (XSV, ''Macronovirus macrobrachii''). It is found in The French West Indies, Thailand, Taiwan, China, and India. Etymology The genus name, ''Macronovirus,'' is a combination of ''Macro'', from the host ''Macrobrachium rosenbergii'' and ''no'', from helper virus ''nodavirus''. The family name, ''Sarthroviridae,'' is a combination of ''S'', from ''Small'' and ''arthro'', from host ''arthropoda''. Hosts ''Macronoviruss cell tropism is muscle and connective cells of diseased animals, and its natural hosts are arthropods. Structure The virion of XSV has a genome consisting of linear single-stranded RNA of positive polarity, 0.8kb in size, with two genes. This encodes two capsid proteins, CP-17 and CP-16. The virion is non-enveloped, spherical, with a capsid of about 15 nm with icosahedral symmetry. The virion is constructed from two capsid proteins CP-17 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Tobacco Mosaic Satellite Virus
''Tobacco virtovirus 1'', informally called Tobacco mosaic satellite virus, Satellite tobacco mosaic virus (STMV), or tobacco mosaic satellite virus, is a satellite virus first reported in ''Nicotiana glauca'' from southern California, U.S.. Its genome consists of linear positive-sense single-stranded RNA. ''Tobacco virtovirus 1'' is a small, icosahedral plant virus which worsens the symptoms of infection by ''Tobacco mosaic virus'' (TMV). Satellite viruses are some of the smallest possible reproducing units in nature; they achieve this by relying on both the host cell and a host-virus (in this case, TMV) for the machinery necessary for them to reproduce. The entire ''Tobacco virtovirus 1'' particle consists of 60 identical copies of a single protein (CP) that make up the viral capsid A capsid is the protein shell of a virus, enclosing its genetic material. It consists of several oligomeric (repeating) structural subunits made of protein called protomers. The observable ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Panicum Mosaic Satellite Virus
Panicum mosaic satellite virus (SPMV) is a plant satellite virus. It is the sole species in the genus ''Papanivirus'', which is the sole genus in the family ''Pamosaviridae''. It only infects grasses which are infected by Panicum mosaic virus. One study found that 72% of ''Stenotaphrum secundatum St. Augustine grass (''Stenotaphrum secundatum''), also known as buffalo turf in Australia and buffalo grass in South Africa, is a species of grass in the family Poaceae. It is a warm-season lawn grass that is popular for cultivation in tropical ...'' (St Augustine grass) infected with Panicum mosaic virus was also infected with SPMV. In addition to SPMV, many plants infected with panicum mosaic virus are also infected with satellite RNAs. References External linksICTVdB—The Universal Virus Database: Panicum mosaic satellite virus *Mart Krupovic [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Maize White Line Mosaic Satellite Virus
Maize white line mosaic satellite virus (syn. Satellite maize white line mosaic virus, Satellite virus of maize white line mosaic virus, SMWLMV, SV-MWLMV) is a plant satellite virus. It is the only species in genus ''Aumaivirus'', which is a member of realm ''Riboviria'' without assigned family or order. It only infects maize which is infected by '' Maize white line mosaic virus'' (MWLMV) of genus '' Aureusvirus''.Mart KrupovicPlant Satellite Viruses (Albetovirus, Aumaivirus, Papanivirus, Virtovirus)(PDF). In: Reference Module in Life Sciences. Jan 2020. doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-809633-8.21289-2ResearchGate Etymology The genus name, ''Aumaivirus'', is a combination of ''Aureusvirus'' (the name of the helper virus) and maize, the host plant of the only species of the genus. Virology SMWLMV has a genome consisting of linear single-stranded RNA of positive polarity. It has a length of 1,168 nucleotides and consists of a single gene that encodes a capsid protein (CP). It neith ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
