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Sanae Ōzeki
SANAE is the South African National Antarctic Expedition. The name refers both to the overwintering bases (numbered in Roman numerals, e.g. SANAE IV), and the team spending the winter (numbered in Arabic numerals, e.g. SANAE 47). The current base, SANAE IV, is located at Vesleskarvet in Queen Maud Land, Antarctica. Summer teams comprise administrative and maintenance personnel, helicopter crew and scientists from various countries and can be up to 100 people. Overwintering teams consist of scientists and support personnel from South Africa, typically totalling 10 members in recent years. The research programme at the SANAE IV base is carried out under the auspices of the South African National Antarctic Programme (SANAP). History The first expedition, SANAE 1, overwintered at Norway Station, taken over by South Africa from Norway after the end of the IGY. Later teams overwintered at SANAE I, SANAE II and SANAE III, built on the Fimbul Ice Shelf near the Blåskimen Islan ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Icebergs
An iceberg is a piece of fresh water ice more than long that has broken off a glacier or an ice shelf and is floating freely in open water. Smaller chunks of floating glacially derived ice are called "growlers" or "bergy bits". Much of an iceberg is below the water's surface, which led to the expression "tip of the iceberg" to illustrate a small part of a larger unseen issue. Icebergs are considered a serious maritime hazard. Icebergs vary considerably in size and shape. Icebergs that calve from glaciers in Greenland are often irregularly shaped while Antarctic ice shelves often produce large tabular (table top) icebergs. The largest iceberg in recent history, named B-15, was measured at nearly in 2000. The largest iceberg on record was an Antarctic tabular iceberg measuring sighted west of Scott Island, in the South Pacific Ocean, by the USS ''Glacier'' on November 12, 1956. This iceberg was larger than Belgium. Etymology The word ''iceberg'' is a partial loan trans ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Outposts Of Queen Maud Land
Outpost or outposts may refer to: Places * Outpost (military), a detachment of troops stationed at a distance from the main force or formation, usually at a station in a remote or sparsely populated location * Border outpost, an outpost maintained by a sovereign state on its border, usually one of a series placed at regular intervals, to watch over and safeguard its border with a neighboring state * Human outpost, an artificially-created, controlled human habitat located in an environment inhospitable for humans, such as the ocean floor, the Antarctic, in space, or on another planet * Outpost Estates, Los Angeles, California, a canyon neighborhood * Outpost Islands, Nunavut, Canada * Israeli outpost, a settlement built on land that was not legally purchased and was not given a building permit by the State of Israel Entertainment * ''The Outpost'', a 1909 play written by James Francis Jewell Archibald * Outpost (board game), ''Outpost'' (board game), from TimJim games * Outpos ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
List Of Antarctic Expeditions
This list of Antarctica expeditions is a chronological list of expeditions involving Antarctica. Although the existence of a southern continent had been hypothesized as early as the writings of Ptolemy in the 1st century AD, the South Pole was not reached until 1911. Pre-exploration theories * 600 BC – 300 BC – Greek philosophers theorize Spherical Earth with North and South Polar regions. * 150 AD – Ptolemy published '' Geographia'', which notes Terra Australis Incognita. Pre-19th century * 13th century – Polynesians settle Auckland Islands (50° S) * 1501–1502 – Gonçalo Coelho and Amerigo Vespucci possibly sail to (52° S) * 1522 – Juan Sebastián de El Cano – first circumnavigation Fernando de Magallanes discovers Strait of Magellan (54° S) * 1526 – Francisco de Hoces reportedly blown south from Strait of Magellan to (56° S). He discovers the Drake Passage or Mar de Hoces. * 1578 – Francis Drake claims to have discovered an ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
SA Agulhas II
''S. A. Agulhas II'' is a South African icebreaking polar supply and research vessel owned by the Department of Forestry, Fisheries and the Environment. She was built in 2012 by STX Finland Rauma shipyard in Rauma, Finland, to replace the ageing '' S. A. Agulhas'', which was retired from Antarctic service in April 2012. Unlike her predecessor, ''S. A. Agulhas II'' was designed from the beginning to carry out both scientific research and supply South African research stations in the Antarctic. During a voyage to the Weddell Sea in February and March 2022, the ''Agulhas II'' served as the mother ship for the Endurance22 Expedition of the Falklands Maritime Heritage Trust. Using a submersible vehicle, participants in the expedition located the wreck of Sir Ernest Shackleton's ship, ''Endurance'', at a depth of beneath the surface on the floor of Weddell Sea. The ''Endurance'' had sunk in 1915 after being crushed by ice. Development and construction In November 2009 the Sout ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
SA Agulhas
''S. A. Agulhas'' is a South African ice-strengthened training ship and former polar research vessel. She was built by Mitsubishi Heavy Industries in Shimonoseki, Japan, in 1978. ''S. A. Agulhas'' was used to service the three South African National Antarctic Programme research bases, Gough Island, Marion Island in the Southern Ocean and SANAE IV in Antarctica, as well as various research voyages. ''S. A. Agulhas'' retired from Antarctic service in April 2012 when the replacement vessel, '' S. A. Agulhas II'', was commissioned. She was transferred to the South African Maritime Safety Authority as a training ship. History Rudder damage In December 1991, ''S. A. Agulhas'' suffered rudder damage while in the Antarctic. The German icebreaker '' Polarstern'' assisted her and by February 1992 ''S. A. Agulhas'' had been freed from the pack ice. Once freed, the SAS ''Drakensberg'' towed the stricken vessel back to Cape Town for repairs. Rescue of the ''Magdalena Oldendorff'' '' ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Marion Island
The Prince Edward Islands are two small uninhabited subantarctic volcanic islands in the southern Indian Ocean that are administered by South Africa. They are named Marion Island (named after Marc-Joseph Marion du Fresne, 1724–1772) and Prince Edward Island (named after Prince Edward, Duke of Kent and Strathearn, 1767–1820). The islands in the group have been declared Special Nature Reserves under the South African Environmental Management: Protected Areas Act, No. 57 of 2003, and activities on the islands are therefore restricted to research and conservation management. Further protection was granted when the area was declared a marine protected area in 2013. The only human inhabitants of the islands are the staff of a meteorological and biological research station run by the South African National Antarctic Programme on Marion Island. History Barent Barentszoon Lam of the Dutch East India Company reached the islands on 4 March 1663 on the ship ''Maerseveen''. They w ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Gough Island
Gough Island ( ), also known historically as Gonçalo Álvares, is a rugged volcanic island in the South Atlantic Ocean. It is a dependency of Tristan da Cunha and part of the British overseas territory of Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha. It is approximately south-east of the Tristan da Cunha archipelago (which includes Nightingale Island and Inaccessible Island), north-east from South Georgia Island, west from Cape Town, and over from the nearest point of South America. Gough Island is uninhabited, except for the personnel of a weather station (usually six people) that the South African National Antarctic Programme has maintained, with British permission, continually on the island since 1956. It is one of the most remote places with a constant human presence. It is part of the UNESCO World Heritage Site of "Gough and Inaccessible Island". It is one of the most important seabird colonies in the world. Name The island was first named ''Ilha de Gonçalo Álv ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Crime In Antarctica
In ordinary language, a crime is an unlawful act punishable by a state or other authority. The term ''crime'' does not, in modern criminal law, have any simple and universally accepted definition,Farmer, Lindsay: "Crime, definitions of", in Cane and Conoghan (editors), '' The New Oxford Companion to Law'', Oxford University Press, 2008 (), p. 263Google Books). though statutory definitions have been provided for certain purposes. The most popular view is that crime is a category created by law; in other words, something is a crime if declared as such by the relevant and applicable law. One proposed definition is that a crime or offence (or criminal offence) is an act harmful not only to some individual but also to a community, society, or the state ("a public wrong"). Such acts are forbidden and punishable by law. The notion that acts such as murder, rape, and theft are to be prohibited exists worldwide. What precisely is a criminal offence is defined by the criminal law of each r ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Grunehogna Peaks
The Grunehogna Peaks are a group of peaks north of the Liljequist Heights, in the south part of Ahlmann Ridge in Queen Maud Land, Antarctica. They were photographed from the air by the Third German Antarctic Expedition (1938–39). They were mapped by Norwegian cartographers from surveys and air photos by the Norwegian–British–Swedish Antarctic Expedition (1949–52) and the Norwegian expedition (1958–59) and named Grunehogna. Sarie Marais Field Base The summer research station Sarie Marais was erected at Grunehogna for geological, geophysical, and surveying programs in the 1982/1983 summer by the South African National Antarctic Programme The South African National Antarctic Programme (or SANAP) is the South African government's programme for research in the Antarctic and Subantarctic. Three research stations fall under this programme: the Antarctica research station SANAE IV, an ... and decommissioned in the 2001/2002 summer season. References Mountains of Quee ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Borga Base
Borga Base was a semipermanent Antarctic research station operated by South Africa named after Borg Massif where it was located. It was created to house 4-5 people year-round and was 350 kilometers (220 miles) south of the location of South Africa's primary Antarctic research station, SANAE IV. Its main building was a Parcoll hut, a long hut with a semicircular frame resembling half a cylinder. History Borga Base was created with the support of Belgian aircraft during the International Geophysical Year and was inaugurated in 1969. In the years of its operation, expedition teams would attempt the traverse from SANAE to Borga Base using specialized tractors, though they were not always successful. In 1969, mechanic Gordon Mackie was the first casualty of South African Antarctic research when he fell to his death on the traverse between the two bases. In 1970, mechanical and weather difficulties forced the team to abandon their attempt to reach Borga. In 1971, mechanical issues onc ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Nunatak
A nunatak (from Inuit language, Inuit ) is the summit or ridge of a mountain that protrudes from an ice field or glacier that otherwise covers most of the mountain or ridge. They often form natural pyramidal peaks. Isolated nunataks are also called glacial islands, and smaller nunataks rounded by glacial action may be referred to as rognons. The word is of Greenlandic language, Greenlandic origin and has been used in English since the 1870s. Description The term ''nunatak'' is typically used in areas where a permanent ice sheet is present and the ridge protrudes above the sheet.J. J. Zeeberg, ''Climate and Glacial History of the Novaya Zemlya Archipelago, Russian Arctic''. pp. 82–84 Nunataks present readily identifiable landmark reference points in glaciers or ice caps and are often named. While some are isolated, they can also form dense clusters, such as Queen Louise Land in Greenland. Nunataks are generally angular and jagged, hampering the formation of glacial ice on thei ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
