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Sammarinese General Election, 1920
General elections were held in San Marino on 14 November 1920 to elect the sixth term of the Grand and General Council. Dieter Nohlen & Philip Stöver (2010) ''Elections in Europe: A data handbook'', p1678 It was the country's first snap election, and the first election to use a form of proportional representation. The result was a victory for the Sammarinese People's Party, which won 29 of the 60 seats.Nohlen & Stöver, p1690 Electoral system Following Italy, San Marino adopted a party-list proportional representation electoral system on 15 October 1920. The three-class division was eliminated, and councillors' terms limited to four years. Voters had to be citizens of San Marino, male, the head of the family and 24 years old. Campaign The Sammarinese People's Party made its debut, after Pope Benedict's abolition of the ''non expedit'' had allowed the foundation of its twin, the Italian People's Party. By their part, landowners created a conservative party, the Sammarinese ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1918 San Marino General Election
General elections were held in San Marino on 9 June 1918 to elect the fifth term of the Grand and General Council.Dieter Nohlen & Philip Stöver (2010) ''Elections in Europe: A data handbook'', p1678 Electoral system According to the decisions of the 1906 Sammarinese citizenry meeting, a third of the seats in the Grand and General Council should be renewed every three years. Twenty councillors, elected in 1909, finished their term this year. All councillors were elected in their constituency using a plurality-at-large voting, a non-partisan system. However, as previously happened, candidates elected generally belonged to the liberal group which had supported the democratic action of the Citizenry Meeting or, more, were members of the sole organized party of the country, the Sammarinese Socialist Party, which claimed to have won 14 seats. The election fell in a period of social tensions caused by the inflation of the Italian lira during World War I, and the Socialists refused to ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pope Benedict XV
Pope Benedict XV (Ecclesiastical Latin, Latin: ''Benedictus XV''; it, Benedetto XV), born Giacomo Paolo Giovanni Battista della Chiesa, name=, group= (; 21 November 185422 January 1922), was head of the Catholic Church from 1914 until his death in January 1922. His pontificate was largely overshadowed by World War I and its political, social, and humanitarian consequences in Europe. Between 1846 and 1903, the Catholic Church had experienced two of its longest pontificates in history up to that point. Together Pius IX and Leo XIII ruled for a total of 57 years. In 1914, the College of Cardinals chose della Chiesa at the relatively young age of 59 at the outbreak of World War I, which he labeled "Ad beatissimi Apostolorum, the suicide of civilized Europe". The war and its consequences were the main focus of Benedict XV. He immediately declared the neutrality of the Holy See and attempted from that perspective to mediate peace in 1916 and 1917. Both sides rejected his initiatives. ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
General Elections In San Marino
A general officer is an officer of high rank in the armies, and in some nations' air forces, space forces, and marines or naval infantry. In some usages the term "general officer" refers to a rank above colonel."general, adj. and n.". OED Online. March 2021. Oxford University Press. https://www.oed.com/view/Entry/77489?rskey=dCKrg4&result=1 (accessed May 11, 2021) The term ''general'' is used in two ways: as the generic title for all grades of general officer and as a specific rank. It originates in the 16th century, as a shortening of ''captain general'', which rank was taken from Middle French ''capitaine général''. The adjective ''general'' had been affixed to officer designations since the late medieval period to indicate relative superiority or an extended jurisdiction. Today, the title of ''general'' is known in some countries as a four-star rank. However, different countries use different systems of stars or other insignia for senior ranks. It has a NATO rank sc ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1920 Elections In Europe
Nineteen or 19 may refer to: * 19 (number), the natural number following 18 and preceding 20 * one of the years 19 BC, AD 19, 1919, 2019 Films * ''19'' (film), a 2001 Japanese film * ''Nineteen'' (film), a 1987 science fiction film Music * 19 (band), a Japanese pop music duo Albums * ''19'' (Adele album), 2008 * ''19'', a 2003 album by Alsou * ''19'', a 2006 album by Evan Yo * ''19'', a 2018 album by MHD * ''19'', one half of the double album '' 63/19'' by Kool A.D. * '' Number Nineteen'', a 1971 album by American jazz pianist Mal Waldron * ''XIX'' (EP), a 2019 EP by 1the9 Songs * "19" (song), a 1985 song by British musician Paul Hardcastle. * "Nineteen", a song by Bad4Good from the 1992 album ''Refugee'' * "Nineteen", a song by Karma to Burn from the 2001 album ''Almost Heathen''. * "Nineteen" (song), a 2007 song by American singer Billy Ray Cyrus. * "Nineteen", a song by Tegan and Sara from the 2007 album '' The Con''. * "XIX" (song), a 2014 song by Slipk ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sammarinese Socialist Party
The Sammarinese Socialist Party ( it, Partito Socialista Sammarinese, PSS) was a socialist and, later, social-democratic political party in San Marino. Its Italian counterpart was the Italian Socialist Party and its international affiliation was with the Socialist International. There was a previous party of the same name existing from 1892 until 1926 when it was banned during Fascist rule. In the 1940s and 1950s the party was closely linked to the Sammarinese Communist Party (PCS) and this led the moderates of the party to split and form the Sammarinese Independent Democratic Socialist Party (PSDIS) in 1957. Later the PSS distanced itself from the PCS and entered in coalition with the Sammarinese Christian Democratic Party (PDCS) and PSDIS, which was re-united with the PSS in the early 1990s. In the 2001 general election the PSS won 24.2% and 15 seats of 60 in the Grand and General Council and governed as the junior partner in a coalition with the PDCS until 2005, when it merge ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Strike Action
Strike action, also called labor strike, labour strike, or simply strike, is a work stoppage caused by the mass refusal of employees to Labor (economics), work. A strike usually takes place in response to grievance (labour), employee grievances. Strikes became common during the Industrial Revolution, when Labour economics, mass labor became important in factories and mines. As striking became a more common practice, governments were often pushed to act (either by private business or by union workers). When government intervention occurred, it was rarely neutral or amicable. Early strikes were often deemed unlawful conspiracies or anti-competitive cartel action and many were subject to massive legal repression by state police, federal military power, and federal courts. Many Western nations legalized striking under certain conditions in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Strikes are sometimes used to pressure governments to change policies. Occasionally, strikes destabilize ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sammarinese Democratic Union
{{Infobox Political Party , name = Sammarinese Democratic Union , native_name = Unione Democratica Sammarinese , logo = , colorcode = blue , leader = Manlio Gozi , foundation = 1920 , dissolved = 1925 , merged = , ideology = ConservatismLiberalismConservative liberalism , affiliation1_title = Italian counterpart , affiliation1 = Italian Liberal Party , position = Centre-right , international = , colours = Blue , native_name_lang = it , headquarters = , newspaper = , country = San Marino The Sammarinese Democratic Union was a conservative political movement in San Marino and a counterpart of the liberal coalition which ruled Italy before the fascist era. History During the early 20th century, the Sammarinese Democrats were a free group of liberal politicians which supported the democratic reforms introduced by the Meeting of 1906, and t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Italian People's Party (1919)
The Italian People's Party ( it, Partito Popolare Italiano, PPI), also translated as Italian Popular Party, was a Christian-democratic political party in Italy inspired by Catholic social teaching. It was active in the 1920s, but fell apart because it was deeply split between the pro- and anti-fascist elements. Its platform called for an elective Senate, proportional representation, corporatism, agrarian reform, women's suffrage, political decentralization, independence of the Catholic Church, and social legislation. History The Italian People's Party was cofounded in 1919 by Luigi Sturzo, a Sicilian Catholic priest. The PPI was backed by Pope Benedict XV to oppose the Italian Socialist Party (PSI). The party supported various social reforms, including the foundations of a welfare state, women's suffrage and Proportional representation voting. In the 1919 general election, the first in which the PPI took part, the party won 20.5% of the vote and 100 seats in the Chamber of ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Non Expedit
( Latin for "It is not expedient") were the words with which the Holy See enjoined upon Italian Catholics the policy of boycott from the polls in parliamentary elections. History The phrase, "it is not expedient," has long been used by the Roman curia to indicate a negative reply for reasons of opportunity. The papal policy was adopted after the promulgation of the Constitution of the Kingdom of Italy (1861), and the introduction of laws relating to the Catholic Church and, especially, to the religious orders (1865–66). The Holy Penitentiary made a decree on 29 February 1868, in which it sanctioned the motto; " - Neither elector nor elected". Until then there had been in the young Italian Parliament a few eminent representatives of Catholic interests, e.g. Vito d'Ondes Reggio, Augusto Conti, Cesare Cantù. Pius IX declared in an audience of 11 October 1874 that the principal motive of this decree was that the oath taken by deputies might be interpreted as an approval o ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Party-list Proportional Representation
Party-list proportional representation (list-PR) is a subset of proportional representation electoral systems in which multiple candidates are elected (e.g., elections to parliament) through their position on an electoral list. They can also be used as part of mixed-member electoral systems. In these systems, parties make lists of candidates to be elected, and seats are distributed by elections authorities to each party in proportion to the number of votes the party receives. Voters may vote for the party, as in Albania, Argentina, Turkey, and Israel; or for candidates whose vote total will pool to the party/parties, as in Finland, Brazil and the Netherlands; or a choice between the last two ways stated: panachage. Voting In most party list systems, a voter may only vote for one party (single choice ballot) with their list vote, although Ranked voting, ranked ballots may also be used (spare vote). Open list systems may allow more than one ''preference votes'' ''within'' a p ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1923 San Marino General Election
General elections were held in San Marino on 4 March 1923 to elect the seventh term of the Grand and General Council.Dieter Nohlen & Philip Stöver (2010) ''Elections in Europe: A data handbook'', p1678 It was a snap election that marked the beginning of fascist rule in the republic. Left-wing parties were prevented from participating, while all centre-right forces ran as a single "Patriotic Bloc". Of the 60 seats, 29 were taken by the Sammarinese Fascist Party, 20 by the Sammarinese People's Party, 9 by the Sammarinese Democratic Union and two by the Fascist-puppets '' Volunteers of War''. Later the country was taken over by the Fascist Party. Background San Marino had been close to a civil war in 1921, with Socialist red forces by a hand, and Christian Democratic white forces on the opposite side together with the Conservatives. The situation was so explosive that the government introduced a six-month censorship, and called a carabinieri garrison to restore order, while Fascist ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sammarinese People's Party
The Sammarinese People's Party (PPS) was a Christian democratic political party in San Marino, forerunner of the current Sammarinese Christian Democratic Party, and counterpart of the Italian People's Party. History The PPS was founded in December 1919 by Egisto Morri, Carlo Balsimelli and some socially engaged priests.{{Cite web , url=http://www.psd.sm/area/altri/enti/democratici/doc/doc100/nuovo_titano%20B%20.pdf , title=www.psd.sm (it.) , access-date=2013-03-11 , archive-date=2014-02-22 , archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222231706/http://www.psd.sm/area/altri/enti/democratici/doc/doc100/nuovo_titano%20B%20.pdf , url-status=dead The party was backed by Pope Benedict XV to oppose the Sammarinese Socialist Party, after the abrogation of the ''non expedit'' act. During midsummer 1920, the PPS organized some farmers' strikes and called for general elections, which took place on November 14, 1920. Elections were held under party-list proportional electoral system; ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
