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Saljuq-nama
The Saljūq-Nāma (, "Book of Seljuk [Empire]") is a history of the Seljuk Empire written by the Persian historian Zahir al-Din Nishapuri around 1175. Written in New Persian, it has been acknowledged as the primary source for Saljuq material for Persian works from the 13th to 15th centuries, which include the ''Rahat al-sudur'', ''Jami' al-tawarikh'', ''Tarikh-i guzida'', ''Zubdat al-Tawarikh'' and ''Rawzat as-safa''. Abu al-Qasim Qashani, a historian who wrote about the Ilkhanids, made alterations and additions to the original text, which was later misidentified as the original ''Saljuq-nama''. Content The ''Saljuq-nama'' is vague concerning the history of the sultans before Toghrul III, as noted by Claude Cahen, that Nishapuri had "relatively poor sources at his disposal for the Seljuqs before his own lifetime..." Yet it is a short, restrained history using different sources than those used by Arabic writers of that time. Its textual history is complicated; as a preface in rhyme ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Seljuk Empire
The Seljuk Empire, or the Great Seljuk Empire, was a high medieval, culturally Turco-Persian, Sunni Muslim empire, established and ruled by the Qïnïq branch of Oghuz Turks. The empire spanned a total area of from Anatolia and the Levant in the west to the Hindu Kush in the east, and from Central Asia in the north to the Persian Gulf in the south, and it spanned the time period 1037–1308, though Seljuk rule beyond the Anatolian peninsula ended in 1194. The Seljuk Empire was founded in 1037 by Tughril (990–1063) and his brother Chaghri (989–1060), both of whom co-ruled over its territories; there are indications that the Seljuk leadership otherwise functioned as a triumvirate and thus included Musa Yabghu, the uncle of the aforementioned two. During the formative phase of the empire, the Seljuks first advanced from their original homelands near the Aral Sea into Khorasan and then into the Iranian mainland, where they would become largely based as a Persianate society. ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Zahir Al-Din Nishapuri
Zahir al-Din Nishapuri (died ) was a Persian writer and the author of the ''Saljuq-nama'' ("Book of Seljuk mpire), an important source regarding the history of the Seljuk Empire. The life of Nishapuri is obscure; he is reported to have served as tutor of the previous Seljuk sultans, Ghiyath ad-Din Mas'ud () and Arslan ibn Tughril (r. 1153). Although the ''Saljuq-nama'' is now lost, it was used as the primary source of the contemporary Persian historian Muhammad ibn Ali Rawandi Muhammad ibn Ali Rawandi (; died after 1207), was a Persian historian who wrote the '' Rahat al-sudur wa ayat al-surur'' during the fall of the Great Seljuk Empire and the subsequent invasion by the Kharwarzmian empire. The only source that giv .... References Sources * {{EI2, last=Bosworth, first=C.E., volume=8, title=Nīs̲h̲āpūrī, pages=64, url=https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-2/nishapuri-SIM_5931 Scholars from the Seljuk Empire 1184 deaths Year of bir ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Rahat Al-sudur
The ''Rahat al-sudur wa-ayat al-surur'' or ''Rahat al-sudur'' (), is a history of the Great Seljuq Empire, its breakup into minor beys and the subsequent Khwarazmian occupation, written by the Persian historian Muhammad bin Ali Rawandi and finished around 1204/1205. Rawandi was encouraged and supported in his endeavour by Shihab al-Din al-Kashani. Written in Persian and originally dedicated to Süleymanshah II, Rawandi re-dedicated his work to the Sultan of Rum, Kaykhusraw I. Content The early history of the Seljuqs written in the ''Rahat al-sudur'', relies heavily upon the ''Saljuq-nama''. However, events after 1175 are directly witnessed by Rawandi since he was a member of Toghrul III's court, making the ''Rahat al-sudur'' an invaluable source for Toghrul's reign. According to the ''Rahat al-sudur'', the Seljuqs held the Ghaznavids in contempt due to their slave origins. Rawandi appears to have intended the ''Rahat al-sudur'' to be a historical work, yet the book contains chap ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Toghrul III
Toghrul III () (died 1194) was the last sultan of the Great Seljuk Empire and the last Seljuk Sultan of Iraq. His great uncle Sultan Ghiyath ad-Din Mas'ud ( 1134–1152) had appointed Shams ad-Din Eldiguz ( 1135/36–1175) as atabeg of his nephew Arslan-Shah, the son of his brother Toghrul II, and transferred Arran to his nephew's possession as iqta in 1136. Eldiguz eventually married Mu’mina Khatun, the widow of Toghril II, and his sons Nusrat al-Din Muhammad Pahlavan and Qizil Arslan Uthman were thus half-brothers of Arslan Shah, but despite close ties with the Royal Seljuk house, Eldiguz had remain aloof of the royal politics, concentrating on repelling the Georgians and consolidating his power. In 1160, Sultan Suleiman-Shah named Arslan Shah his heir and gave him governorship of Arran and Azerbaijan, fearful of the power of Eldiguz. Status of the Empire in 1160 The Great Seljuk Empire, founded by Tughril and significantly expanded by Alp Arslan, stretched from Anatol ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
New Persian
New Persian (), also known as Modern Persian () is the current stage of the Persian language spoken since the 8th to 9th centuries until now in Greater Iran and surroundings. It is conventionally divided into three stages: Early New Persian (8th/9th centuries), Classical Persian (10th–18th centuries), and Contemporary Persian (19th century to present). Dari is a name given to the New Persian language since the 10th century, widely used in Arabic (see Istakhri, al-Maqdisi and ibn Hawqal) and Persian texts. Since 1964, Dari has been the official name in Afghanistan for the Persian spoken there. Classification New Persian is a member of the Western Iranian group of the Iranian languages, which make up a branch of the Indo-European languages in their Indo-Iranian subdivision. The Western Iranian languages themselves are divided into two subgroups: Southwestern Iranian languages, of which Persian is the most widely spoken, and Northwestern Iranian lan ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Jami' Al-tawarikh
''Jāmiʿ al-Tawārīkh'' () is a work of literature and history, produced in the Mongol Ilkhanate. Written by Rashid al-Din Hamadani (1247–1318 AD) at the start of the 14th century, the breadth of coverage of the work has caused it to be called "the first world history". It was in three volumes and published in Arabic and Persian versions. The surviving portions total approximately 400 pages of the original work. The work describes cultures and major events in world history from China to Europe; in addition, it covers Mongol history, as a way of establishing their cultural legacy. The lavish illustrations and calligraphy required the efforts of hundreds of scribes and artists, with the intent that two new copies (one in Persian, and one in Arabic) would be created each year and distributed to schools and cities around the Ilkhanate, in the Middle East, Central Asia, Anatolia, and the Indian subcontinent. Approximately 20 illustrated copies were made of the work during Rashid ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Tarikh-i Guzida
The ''Tarikh-i guzida'' (also spelled ''Tarikh-e Gozideh'' (, "Excerpt history"), is a compendium of Islamic history from the creation of the world until 1329, written by Hamdallah Mustawfi and finished in 1330.''E.J. Brill's first Encyclopedia of Islam, 1913-1936'', ed. M. Th. Houtsma, (BRILL, 1993), 845. It was written in a dry simple style and dedicated to Ghiyath al-Din Muhammad. Content The ''Tarikh-i guzida'' contains the history of the Islamic world, from the creation of the world up to 1329 (729 AH). The introduction includes the creation of the world followed by six sections; # The prophets # Persian Kings before Muhammad # Muhammad and caliphs # Persia and other lands ruled by Muslim dynasties # Poets and scholars # Region and history of Kazwin (Qazvin) Also mentioned is the Mongol invasion The Mongol invasions and conquests took place during the 13th and 14th centuries, creating history's largest contiguous empire, the Mongol Empire (1206–1368), which by 1260 cover ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Rawzat As-safa
''Rawżat aṣ-ṣafāʾ fī sīrat al-anbiyāʾ w-al-mulūk w-al-khulafāʾ'' (, ‘The Gardens of purity in the biography of the prophets and kings and caliphs’) or ''Rawdatu 's-safa'' is a Persian-language history of the origins of Islam, early Islamic civilisation, and Persian history by Mirkhvand.Imamate The text was originally completed in seven volumes in 1497 AD; the eighth volume is a geographical index. The work is very scholarly: Mirkhvand used nineteen major Arabic histories and twenty-two major Persian ones as well as others which he occasionally quotes.Elliot, ''History'', 129 His work was the basis for many subsequent histories, including the works of |
Ilkhanids
The Ilkhanate or Il-khanate was a Mongol khanate founded in the southwestern territories of the Mongol Empire. It was ruled by the Il-Khans or Ilkhanids (), and known to the Mongols as ''Hülegü Ulus'' (). The Ilkhanid realm was officially known as the Land of Iran or simply Iran. It was established after Hülegü, the son of Tolui and grandson of Genghis Khan, inherited the West Asian and Central Asian part of the Mongol Empire after his brother Möngke Khan died in 1259. The Ilkhanate's core territory was situated in what is now the countries of Iran, Azerbaijan, and Turkey. At its greatest extent, the Ilkhanate also included parts of modern Iraq, Syria, Armenia, Georgia, Afghanistan, Turkmenistan, Pakistan, part of modern Dagestan, and part of modern Tajikistan. Later Ilkhanid rulers, beginning with Ghazan in 1295, converted to Islam. In the 1330s, the Ilkhanate was ravaged by the Black Death. The last ilkhan, Abu Sa'id Bahadur Khan, died in 1335, after which the Ilkhanate d ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Claude Cahen
Claude Cahen (26 February 1909 – 18 November 1991) was a 20th-century French Marxist orientalist and historian. He specialized in the studies of the Islamic Middle Ages, Muslim sources about the Crusades, and social history of the medieval Islamic society (works on Futuwa orders). Claude Cahen was born in Paris to a French Jewish family.Ira M. Lapidus, review of Curiel and Gyselen (1995), ''Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient'' 39.2 (1996), pp. 189-90 After studying at the École Normale Supérieure on the rue d'Ulm, he attended the Institut national des langues et civilisations orientales, receiving a doctorate in 1940. He was a professor at the University of Strasbourg from 1945 to 1959 and then at the Sorbonne; in 1967 he was invited to teach at the University of Michigan, and in 1973, he was elected to the Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres. He was later elected to the American Philosophical Society in 1983. Cahen was married and had six chi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ilkhanate
The Ilkhanate or Il-khanate was a Mongol khanate founded in the southwestern territories of the Mongol Empire. It was ruled by the Il-Khans or Ilkhanids (), and known to the Mongols as ''Hülegü Ulus'' (). The Ilkhanid realm was officially known as the Land of Iran or simply Iran. It was established after Hulegu Khan, Hülegü, the son of Tolui and grandson of Genghis Khan, inherited the West Asian and Central Asian part of the Mongol Empire after his brother Möngke Khan died in 1259. The Ilkhanate's core territory was situated in what is now the countries of Iran, Azerbaijan, and Turkey. At its greatest extent, the Ilkhanate also included parts of modern Iraq, Syria, Armenia, Georgia (country), Georgia, Afghanistan, Turkmenistan, Pakistan, part of modern Dagestan, and part of modern Tajikistan. Later Ilkhanid rulers, beginning with Ghazan in 1295, converted to Islam. In the 1330s, the Ilkhanate was ravaged by the Black Death. The last ilkhan, Abu Sa'id Bahadur Khan, died in 133 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Abu Al-Qasim Kashani
Abu al-Qasim Kashani (Persian: ابوالقاسم کاشانی; died after 1324) was a Persian historian from the Abu Tahir family, who was active during the late Ilkhanate era. He is notable for claiming that the vizier of the Ilkhanate, Rashid al-Din Hamadani, had stolen credit for the historical work ''Jami' al-tawarikh''. Although modern scholarship regards Rashid al-Din as the overall author of the work, he is generally considered to have been aided by several assistants, including Kashani. Kashani's major work is ''Tarikh-e Oljaytu'' (''History of Öljaitü''), covering Öljaitü's reign until his death in 1316. It is there that Kashani makes his allegations against Rashid al-Din. Since Rashid al-Din's account of this ruler in Jami' al-tawarikh is missing, whereas Kashani's work is complete, this gives some credibility to Kashani's claims. List of works # ''Zobdat al-tawārīḵ'' ('The Quintessence of History'), 1303, dedicated to the Il-khan, a history of the Islamic wo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
