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Saint-Germain Bombing
The Saint-Germain bombing was a bomb attack carried out on 11 March 1892 in Boulevard Saint-Germain, Paris, by Anarchism, anarchist militants Ravachol, Rosalie Soubère, Joseph Jas-Béala, and Charles Simon (anarchist), Charles Simon. The attack was seen as an act of retribution against Edmond Benoît, the judge presiding over the trial of the accused in the Clichy affair, where three anarchist demonstrators were captured by the police, beaten with sabres, deprived of medical care and water for some time before being judged harshly by Benoît. After stealing a significant shipment of dynamite, Simon and Ravachol built the bomb together before the four set out for the judge's residence. Soubère carried the bomb under her skirts before handing it to Ravachol, who placed it. It exploded but failed to kill its target, causing no deaths and one injury. The operation was a strategical failure: the conspirators missed their target, the police were searching for them, and although they ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ère Des Attentats
The (), or the anarchist campaign of attacks from 1892 to 1894, was a period in the history of France and the broader Propaganda of the deed, history of propaganda of the deed (1880–1914), marked by a significant wave of political violence—both from the French authorities and Anarchism, anarchist terrorists. Its chronological boundaries extend from the Saint-Germain bombing (11 March 1892) to the Revolt of Saint-Joseph, massacre of the anarchists convicts (22 October 1894). During this period, the French press largely shaped political discourse and public opinion, presenting these acts as interconnected events forming a progressive logic rather than isolated incidents. In response to the significant repression anarchists had suffered in France since the Paris Commune (1871), a number of them came to consider terrorism as a legitimate means of avenging this repression, targeting symbols of power, state institutions, and emblematic places of bourgeois life. During the first pa ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Tyrannicide
Tyrannicide is the killing or assassination of a tyrant or unjust ruler, purportedly for the common good, and usually by one of the tyrant's subjects. Tyrannicide was legally permitted and encouraged in the Classical period. Often, the term tyrant was a justification for political murders by their rivals, but in some exceptional cases students of Platonic philosophy risked their lives against tyrants. The killing of Clearchus of Heraclea by a cohort led by his own court philosopher is considered a sincere tyrannicide. The killers are also called "tyrannicides". The term originally denoted the action of Harmodius and Aristogeiton, who are often called the Tyrannicides, in killing Hipparchus of Athens in 514 BC. Political theory Tyrannicide can also be a political theory and, as an allegedly justified form of the crime of murder, a dilemmatic case in the philosophy of law, and as such dates from antiquity. Support for tyrannicide can be found in Plutarch's ''Lives'', Cicero ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Jean-Pierre François (anarchist)
Jean-Pierre François, nicknamed 'Francis', (3 December 1855, in Reims-after 1907) was a carpenter and individualist-illegalist anarchist terrorist. After a youth marked by poverty and repeated criminal convictions, he was sent to a disciplinary battalion in French Algeria, where he was again imprisoned for theft. Upon his return to the ''métropole'', he married the anarchist activist Victorine Delanoy, and together they became involved in Parisian anarchist circles. Close to figures such as Théodule Meunier and Pierre Martinet—one of the leading theorists of individualist anarchism—François became active in several anarchist movements and groups, including the Pieds plats group. He is best known for his participation during the Era of Attacks (1892–1894). In this context, he took part in the Véry bombing, which targeted its owner, Jean-Marie Véry, an informant for the police and the denouncer of Ravachol. Arrested shortly thereafter, he managed to be freed and fled ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Trial Of Ravachol, Soubère, Simon And Beala
In law, a trial is a coming together of parties to a dispute, to present information (in the form of evidence) in a tribunal, a formal setting with the authority to adjudicate claims or disputes. One form of tribunal is a court. The tribunal, which may occur before a judge, jury, or other designated trier of fact, aims to achieve a resolution to their dispute. Types by finder of fact Where the trial is held before a group of members of the community, it is called a jury trial. Where the trial is held solely before a judge, it is called a bench trial. Hearings before administrative bodies may have many of the features of a trial before a court, but are typically not referred to as trials. An appeal (appellate proceeding) is also generally not deemed a trial, because such proceedings are usually restricted to a review of the evidence presented before the trial court, and do not permit the introduction of new evidence. Types by dispute Trials can also be divided by the type of ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Jean Maitron
Jean Maitron (17 December 1910 – 16 November 1987) was a French historian specialist of the labour movement. A pioneer of such historical studies in France, he introduced it to University and gave it its archives base, by creating in 1949 the ''Centre d'histoire du syndicalisme'' (Historic Center of Trade-Unions) in the University of Paris, Sorbonne, which received important archives from activists such as Paul Delesalle, Émile Armand, Pierre Monatte, and others. He was the Center's secretary until 1969. Maitron, however, is best known for his ''Dictionnaire biographique du mouvement ouvrier français'' (''DBMOF'' or, more currently, ''Le Maitron''), a comprehensive biographical dictionary of figures from the French workers' movement which was continued after his death, as well as a study of anarchism, ''History of anarchism in France'' (first ed. 1951), which has become a classic. Starting with the 1789 French Revolution, it includes 103,000 entries gathered by 455 different au ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Charles Chaumentin
Charles is a masculine given name predominantly found in English and French speaking countries. It is from the French form ''Charles'' of the Proto-Germanic name (in runic alphabet) or ''*karilaz'' (in Latin alphabet), whose meaning was "free man". The Old English descendant of this word was '' ÄŠearl'' or ''ÄŠeorl'', as the name of King Cearl of Mercia, that disappeared after the Norman conquest of England. The name was notably borne by Charlemagne (Charles the Great), and was at the time Latinized as ''Karolus'' (as in ''Vita Karoli Magni''), later also as '' Carolus''. Some Germanic languages, for example Dutch and German, have retained the word in two separate senses. In the particular case of Dutch, ''Karel'' refers to the given name, whereas the noun ''kerel'' means "a bloke, fellow, man". Etymology The name's etymology is a Common Germanic noun ''*karilaz'' meaning "free man", which survives in English as churl (< Old English ''Ä‹eorl''), which developed its ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bonapartism
Bonapartism (french: Bonapartisme) is the political ideology supervening from Napoleon Bonaparte and his followers and successors. The term was used to refer to people who hoped to restore the House of Bonaparte and its style of government. In this sense, a ''Bonapartiste'' was a person who either actively participated in or advocated for conservative, monarchist and imperial political factions in 19th-century France. Bonapartism emerged in 1814 with the first fall of Napoleon. However, it only developed doctrinal clarity and cohesion by the 1840s. After Napoleon, the term was applied to the French politicians who seized power in the Coup of 18 Brumaire, ruling in the French Consulate and subsequently in the First and Second French Empires. The ''Bonapartistes'' desired an empire under the House of Bonaparte, the Corsican family of Napoleon Bonaparte (Napoleon I of France) and his nephew Louis Napoleon (Napoleon III of France). In recent years, the term has been used more ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Soisy-sur-Seine
Soisy-sur-Seine (, literally ''Soisy on Seine'') is a commune in the Essonne department in Île-de-France in northern France. Population Inhabitants of Soisy-sur-Seine are known as ''Soiséens'' in French. See also *Communes of the Essonne department The following is a list of the 194 communes of the Essonne department of France. The communes cooperate in the following intercommunalities (as of 2020):Official website Mayors of Essonne Association Communes of Esson ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
SG Fig 3-4 (bottom)
SG, Sg or sg may refer to: Arts and entertainment Music * "SG" (song), a 2021 song by DJ Snake, Ozuna, Lisa, and Megan Thee Stallion * Gibson SG, an electric guitar manufactured by Gibson Guitar Corporation * SG Wannabe, a South Korean music group Other media * ''Spy Groove'', an American animated television series stylized on screen and in promotional materials as ''SG'' * ''Stargate'', a Canadian-American military science fiction media franchise running from 1994, 1997–2011 * SuicideGirls, a softcore pornographic website * ''Steins;Gate'' (S;G), a science fiction visual novel game developed by 5pb. and Nitroplus * ''Sabado Gigante'', a Spanish-language weekly variety show with Don Francisco airing from 1962-2015 Businesses and organizations * sweetgreen, an American restaurant chain, ticker symbol SG. * SG Automotive, a Chinese vehicle and component manufacturer * SG (cigarette), a Portuguese cigarette brand produced by Tabaqueira, an Altria subsidiary * Sempati Air (IATA a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Fusillade De Fourmies
The Fusillade de Fourmies is an event which happened on 1 May 1891 in Fourmies, in the French Nord department. This day, the troop fired on a peaceful demonstration of workers claiming "C'est les huit heures qu'il nous faut !" (it's the eight-hour day we need), killing nine people and injuring 35 others. Context Fourmies was a small town of 2000 people at the beginning of the 19th century, but it had an important industrial growth because of the textile industry. In 1891, it had 37 silk and wool mills, and 15 000 people, in majority factory workers. In the factories, workers worked for 12 hours a day, and six days a week. Their salaries were particularly low. Starting in 1885, the textile industry in the Nord began to experience difficulties. These difficulties had direct repercussions on workers, with unemployment and salary reductions when food and lodging expenses were rising. History Call to strike The right to strike was allowed in France since The Ollivier ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
French Third Republic
The French Third Republic (french: Troisième République, sometimes written as ) was the system of government adopted in France from 4 September 1870, when the Second French Empire collapsed during the Franco-Prussian War, until 10 July 1940, after the Fall of France during World War II led to the formation of the Vichy government. The early days of the Third Republic were dominated by political disruptions caused by the Franco-Prussian War of 1870–1871, which the Republic continued to wage after the fall of Emperor Napoleon III in 1870. Harsh reparations exacted by the Prussians after the war resulted in the loss of the French regions of Alsace (keeping the Territoire de Belfort) and Lorraine (the northeastern part, i.e. present-day department of Moselle), social upheaval, and the establishment of the Paris Commune. The early governments of the Third Republic considered re-establishing the monarchy, but disagreement as to the nature of that monarchy and the rightfu ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
State (polity)
A state is a centralized politics, political organization that imposes and enforces rules over a population within a territory. There is no undisputed definition of a state. One widely used definition comes from the Germans, German sociologist Max Weber: a "state" is a polity that maintains a Monopoly on violence, monopoly on the legitimate use of violence, although other definitions are not uncommon.Cudworth et al., 2007: p. 95Salmon, 2008p. 54 Absence of a state does not preclude the existence of a society, such as stateless societies like the Haudenosaunee, Haudenosaunee Confederacy that "do not have either purely or even primarily political institutions or roles". The level of governance of a state, government being considered to form the fundamental apparatus of contemporary states, is used to determine whether it has failed state, failed. In a federation, federal union, the term "state" is sometimes used to refer to the federated state, federated polities that make up the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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