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Russian Cross
A Russian cross, also known as a death cross, is the name of a demographic trend that occurred in Russia and many other countries of the former Warsaw Pact. In Russia, starting in 1988, birth rates among native Russians (as well as most other ethnic groups of the European part of the former Soviet Union) were declining, while from 1991 (when Soviet Union collapsed) the death rates started climbing. In 1992, the number of deaths exceeded the number of births and continued to do so to a greater or lesser degree until 2013. When this trend is plotted on a line graph starting from the mid-1980s, the lines cross in 1992, hence the name. Contributing factors Scientists have tried to connect the causative link between the two trends through the catastrophic growth of alcohol consumption that took place in Russia since the end of the Soviet Union and the subsequent deregulation of the Russian alcohol market. It has been demonstrated that this is connected with the fact that po ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Demographics Of Bulgaria
The demography of the Republic of Bulgaria is monitored by the National Statistical Institute of Bulgaria. Demographics, Demographic features of the population of Bulgaria include population density, Ethnic group, ethnicity, education level, health of the populace, economic status, Religion in Bulgaria, religious affiliations and others. Bulgaria has a Human Development Index of 0.799, ranking 70th in the world in 2022 and holds the 38th position in ''Newsweek''s rankings of the world's best countries to live in, measuring health, education, political environment and economic dynamism. Demographic history Various estimates have put Bulgaria's medieval population at 1.1 million in 700 AD and 2.6 million in 1365. At the 2011 census, the population inhabiting Bulgaria was 7,364,570 in total, but the 2021 Census calculated that the population had declined to 6.5 million. The peak was in 1989, the year when the borders opened after a half of a century of communist regime, when the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Population Reference Bureau
The Population Reference Bureau (PRB) is a private, nonprofit organization specializing in collecting and supplying statistics necessary for research and/or academic purposes focused on the environment, and health and structure of populations. The PRB works in the United States and internationally with a wide range of partners in the government, nonprofit, research, business, and philanthropy sectors. History The Population Reference Bureau (PRB) was established in 1929 by the eugenicist Guy Irving Burch. In the early 1930s, PRB shared office space with the Population Association of America, which was created in May 1931 in New York City, but the PRB soon moved to Washington, D.C. In 1945, the PRB began to publish the ''Population Bulletin'', which brought current population data to the attention of the public and policy makers. The PRB received a three-year grant from the Ford Foundation in 1952. At that point, its Board of Trustees included the biologist C.C. Little, Assista ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1993 Russian Constitutional Crisis
In September and October 1993, a constitutional crisis arose in the Russian Federation from a conflict between the then Russian president Boris Yeltsin and the country's parliament. Yeltsin performed a self-coup, dissolving parliament and instituting a presidential rule by decree system. The crisis ended with Yeltsin using military force to attack Moscow's House of Soviets and arrest the lawmakers. In Russia, the events are known as the "October Coup" () or "Black October" (). With the dissolution of the Soviet Union in December 1991, the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic turned into an independent country, the Russian Federation. The Soviet-era 1978 Russian constitution remained in effect, though it had been amended in April 1991 to install a president independent of the parliament. Boris Yeltsin, elected president in July 1991, began assuming increasing powers, leading to a political standoff with Russia's parliament, which in 1993 was composed of the Congress o ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Abortion In Russia
Abortion in Russia is legal as an elective procedure up to the 12th week of pregnancy, and in special circumstances at later stages. In 2009, Russia reported 1.2 million abortions, out of a population of 143 million people. In 2020, Russia had decreased its number of abortions to 450 thousand. Following the takeover of Russia by the Bolsheviks, the Russian Soviet Republic under Vladimir Lenin became the first country in the world in the modern era to allow abortion in all circumstances in 1920. Over the course of the 20th century, the legality of abortion changed more than once, with a ban on unconditional abortions being enacted again from 1936 to 1955, after which it was legalised again. Due to this, the country gained a termed "abortion culture". Russian abortions peaked in the middle of the 1960s, with a total of 5,463,300 abortions being performed in 1965. In the entire Soviet Union, from its legalisation, until the fall of the Soviet Union in 1991, over 260 million abortions ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Tax On Childlessness
The tax on childlessness () was a natalist policy imposed in the Soviet Union and other Communist countries, starting in the 1940s. Joseph Stalin's regime created the tax in order to encourage adult people to reproduce, thus increasing the number of people and the population of the Soviet Union. The 6% income tax affected men from the age of 25 to 50, and married women from 20 to 45 years of age. The tax remained in place until the collapse of the Soviet Union, though by the end of the Soviet Union, the amount of money which could be taxed was steadily reduced. Minister of Health Mikhail Zurabov and Deputy Chairman of the State Duma Committee for Health Protection Nikolai Gerasimenko proposed reinstating the tax in Russia in 2006, but so far it has not been reinstated. Soviet Union As originally passed and enforced from 1941 to 1990, the tax affected most childless men from 25 to 50 years of age, and most childless married women from 20 to 45 years of age. The tax was 6% ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Demographics Of Russia
Russia has an estimated population of 146.0 million as of 1 January 2025, down from 147.2 million recorded in the 2021 census. It is the most populous country in Europe, and the ninth-most populous country in the world. Russia has a population density of , with its overall life expectancy being 73 years (68 years for males and 79 years for females) . The total fertility rate across Russia was estimated to be 1.41 children born per woman , which is in line with the European average. It has one of the oldest populations in the world, with a median age of 41.9 years. By the end of 2024, the natural decline of the Russian population amounted to 596.2 thousand people, according to published data from Rosstat. Compared to the end of 2023, the indicator increased by 20.4% (from 495.3 thousand). From 1992 to 2012, and again since 2016, Russia's death rate has exceeded its birth rate, which has been called a demographic crisis by analysts. In 2009, Russia recorded annual populat ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Aging Of Russia
The demographic crisis of Russia is the aging and decline of the Russian population caused by demographic transition. Although most high-income and middle-income countries experience demographic transition, Russia does differ in that it has a high mortality rate and relatively low life expectancy. From 1992 to 2008 and again since 2020, Russia has experienced net population loss; the natural population decline has no longer been offset by a positive migration balance. The demographic decline of Russia is likely to continue in the future, with the UN projecting Russia's population to shrink from 146 million in 2022 to 135.8 million by 2050. The median age risen significantly as a result of the demographic crisis, increasing from 32.2 in 1990 to 40.3 in 2025, in what has been the aging of Russia. History In the economic sphere The demographic crisis has a positive economic effect on the second stage of the changing age structure of the population (the fraction of the aver ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Demographics Of Ukraine
According to the United Nations, Ukraine has a population of 37.9 million as of 2024. In July 2023, Reuters reported that due to refugee outflows, the population of Territorial control during the Russo-Ukrainian War, Ukrainian-controlled areas may have decreased to 28 million, a steep decline from Ukraine's 2020 population of almost 42 million. This drop is in large part due to the ongoing Ukrainian refugee crisis and Russian-occupied territories of Ukraine, loss of territory caused by Russian invasion of Ukraine, Russia's invasion of Ukraine. The most recent (and only) census of post-Soviet Ukraine occurred 2001 Ukrainian census, in 2001, and much of the information presented is potentially inaccurate or outdated. Since 2021, the Ukrainian fertility rate has fallen below 1.3, and is now List of countries by total fertility rate, one of the lowest in the world. History Historical Population There were roughly four million Ukrainians at the end of the 17th centur ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Demographics Of Serbia
Demography, Demographic features of the population of Serbia include vital statistics, Ethnic group, ethnicity, religious affiliations, education level, health of the populace, and other aspects of the population. History Censuses in Serbia ordinarily take place every 10 years, organized by the Statistical Office of the Republic of Serbia. The Principality of Serbia had conducted the first population census in 1834; the subsequent censuses were conducted in 1841, 1843, 1846, 1850, 1854, 1859, 1863 and 1866 and 1874. During the era Kingdom of Serbia, six censuses were conducted in 1884, 1890, 1895, 1900, 1905 and the last one being in 1910. During the Kingdom of Yugoslavia, censuses were conducted in 1921 and 1931; the census in 1941 was never conducted due to the outbreak of World War II. Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, Socialist Yugoslavia conducted censuses in 1948, 1953, 1961, 1971, 1981, and 1991. The two most recent censuses were held in 2011 and 2022. The years ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Demographics Of Romania
Demography, Demographic features of the population of Romania include population density, Ethnic group, ethnicity, education level, health of the populace, economic status, religious affiliations, and other aspects of the population. About 89.3% of the people of Romania are ethnic Romanians (as per 2021 Romanian census, 2021 census), whose native language, Romanian language, Romanian, is an Eastern Romance languages, Eastern Romance language, descended from Latin (more specifically from Vulgar Latin) with some Slavic languages, Slavic, French language, French, Turkish language, Turkish, German language, German, Hungarian language, Hungarian, Modern Greek, Greek and Italian language, Italian borrowings. Romanians are by far the most numerous group of speakers of an Eastern Romance languages, Eastern Romance language today. It has been said that they constitute "an island of Latinity" in Eastern Europe, surrounded on all sides either by Slavs, Slavic peoples (namely South Slavs, Sou ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Demographics Of Lithuania
Demographic features of the population of Lithuania include population density, ethnicity, level of education, health, economic status, and religious affiliations. History Prehistory The earliest evidence of inhabitants in present-day Lithuania dates back to 10,000 BC. Between 3000 and 2000 BC, the people of the Corded Ware culture spread over a vast region of eastern Europe, between the Baltic Sea and the Vistula River in the West and the Moscow–Kursk line in the East. Merging with the indigenous peoples, they gave rise to the Balts, a distinct Indo-European ethnic group whose descendants are the present-day Lithuanian and Latvian nations and the former Old Prussians. Grand Duchy of Lithuania The name of Lithuania – ''Lithuanians'' – was first mentioned in 1009. Among its etymologies there are a derivation from the word ''Lietava'', for a small river, a possible derivation from a word leičiai, but most probable is the name for union of Lithuanian ethnic tribes ('s ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
