Demographic Demography () is the statistics, statistical study of human populations: their size, composition (e.g., ethnic group, age), and how they change through the interplay of fertility (births), mortality (deaths), and migration. Demographic analy ...

features of the

population Population is a set of humans or other organisms in a given region or area. Governments conduct a census to quantify the resident population size within a given jurisdiction. The term is also applied to non-human animals, microorganisms, and pl ...

Romania Romania is a country located at the crossroads of Central Europe, Central, Eastern Europe, Eastern and Southeast Europe. It borders Ukraine to the north and east, Hungary to the west, Serbia to the southwest, Bulgaria to the south, Moldova to ...

include

population density Population density (in agriculture: Standing stock (disambiguation), standing stock or plant density) is a measurement of population per unit land area. It is mostly applied to humans, but sometimes to other living organisms too. It is a key geog ...

ethnicity An ethnicity or ethnic group is a group of people with shared attributes, which they Collective consciousness, collectively believe to have, and long-term endogamy. Ethnicities share attributes like language, culture, common sets of ancestry, ...

, education level, health of the populace, economic status, religious affiliations, and other aspects of the population. About 89.3% of the people of Romania are ethnic

Romanians Romanians (, ; dated Endonym and exonym, exonym ''Vlachs'') are a Romance languages, Romance-speaking ethnic group and nation native to Central Europe, Central, Eastern Europe, Eastern, and Southeastern Europe. Sharing a Culture of Romania, ...

(as per 2021 census), whose native language, Romanian, is an Eastern Romance language, descended from

Latin Latin ( or ) is a classical language belonging to the Italic languages, Italic branch of the Indo-European languages. Latin was originally spoken by the Latins (Italic tribe), Latins in Latium (now known as Lazio), the lower Tiber area aroun ...

(more specifically from

Vulgar Latin Vulgar Latin, also known as Colloquial, Popular, Spoken or Vernacular Latin, is the range of non-formal Register (sociolinguistics), registers of Latin spoken from the Crisis of the Roman Republic, Late Roman Republic onward. ''Vulgar Latin'' a ...

) with some Slavic, French, Turkish, German, Hungarian,

Greek Greek may refer to: Anything of, from, or related to Greece, a country in Southern Europe: *Greeks, an ethnic group *Greek language, a branch of the Indo-European language family **Proto-Greek language, the assumed last common ancestor of all kno ...

and Italian borrowings. Romanians are by far the most numerous group of speakers of an Eastern Romance language today. It has been said that they constitute "an island of Latinity" in

Eastern Europe Eastern Europe is a subregion of the Europe, European continent. As a largely ambiguous term, it has a wide range of geopolitical, geographical, ethnic, cultural and socio-economic connotations. Its eastern boundary is marked by the Ural Mountain ...

, surrounded on all sides either by

Slavic peoples The Slavs or Slavic people are groups of people who speak Slavic languages. Slavs are geographically distributed throughout the northern parts of Eurasia; they predominantly inhabit Central Europe, Eastern Europe, Southeast Europe, Southeast ...

(namely South Slavic and East Slavic peoples) or by the

Hungarians Hungarians, also known as Magyars, are an Ethnicity, ethnic group native to Hungary (), who share a common Culture of Hungary, culture, Hungarian language, language and History of Hungary, history. They also have a notable presence in former pa ...

. The Hungarian minority in Romania constitutes the country's largest minority, or as much as 6.0 per cent of the entire population. With a population of about 19,054,267 people in 2022, Romania received 989,357 Ukrainian refugees on 27 May 2022, according to the

United Nations The United Nations (UN) is the Earth, global intergovernmental organization established by the signing of the Charter of the United Nations, UN Charter on 26 June 1945 with the stated purpose of maintaining international peace and internationa ...

(UN). The

2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine On 24 February 2022, , starting the largest and deadliest war in Europe since World War II, in a major escalation of the Russo-Ukrainian War, conflict between the two countries which began in 2014. The fighting has caused hundreds of thou ...

that began on 24 February 2022 triggered a major refugee crisis in Europe. In connection with the Russian invasion of Ukraine on 24 February 2022, as part of the

Russian-Ukrainian war The Russo-Ukrainian War began in February 2014 and is ongoing. Following Ukraine's Revolution of Dignity, Russia Russian occupation of Crimea, occupied and Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation, annexed Crimea from Ukraine. It then ...

, by 15 May 2022, more than 6,223,821 Ukrainian refugees left the territory of Ukraine, moving to the countries closest to the west of Ukraine, of which more than 919,574 people fled to neighbouring Romania.

Population evolution

Romania's population has declined steadily in recent decades, from a peak of 23.2 million in 1990 to 19.12 million in 2021. Among the causes of

population decline Population decline, also known as depopulation, is a reduction in a human population size. Throughout history, Earth's total world population, human population has estimates of historical world population, continued to grow but projections sugg ...

are high mortality, a low

fertility rate The total fertility rate (TFR) of a population is the average number of children that are born to a woman over her lifetime, if they were to experience the exact current age-specific fertility rates (ASFRs) through their lifetime, and they were t ...

since 1990, and tremendous levels of

emigration Emigration is the act of leaving a resident country or place of residence with the intent to settle elsewhere (to permanently leave a country). Conversely, immigration describes the movement of people into one country from another (to permanentl ...

. In 1990, Romania's population was estimated to be 23.21 million inhabitants. For the entire period 1990–2006, the estimated population loss tops 1.5 million, but it is likely to be higher, given the explosion of migration for work after 2001 and the tendency of some migrants to settle permanently in the countries where they live. Sources give varied estimates for Romania's historical population. The National Institute for Research and Development in Informatics (NIRDI) gives the following numbers (the figure for 2020 was provided by the National Institute of Statistics – INS): Colors= id:lightgrey value:gray(0.9) id:darkgrey value:gray(0.7) id:sfondo value:rgb(1,1,1) id:barra value:rgb(0.6,0.7,0.8) ImageSize = width:600 height:250 PlotArea = left:30 bottom:30 top:10 right:10 DateFormat = x.y Period = from:0 till:25 TimeAxis = orientation:vertical AlignBars = justify ScaleMajor = gridcolor:darkgrey increment:5 start:0 ScaleMinor = gridcolor:lightgrey increment:1 start:0 BackgroundColors = canvas:sfondo BarData= bar:1866 text:1866 bar:1887 text:1887 bar:1899 text:1899 bar:1912 text:1912 bar:1930 text:1930 bar:1939 text:1939 bar:1941 text:1941 bar:1948 text:1948 bar:1956 text:1956 bar:1966 text:1966 bar:1977 text:1977 bar:1990 text:1990 bar:1992 text:1992 bar:2002 text:2002 bar:2005 text:2005 bar:2009 text:2009 bar:2011 text:2011 bar:2014 text:2014 bar:2020 text:2020 bar:2024 text:2024 PlotData= color:barra width:20 align:left bar:1866 from:0 till: 4.4 bar:1887 from:0 till: 5.5 bar:1899 from:0 till: 5.9 bar:1912 from:0 till: 7.2 bar:1930 from:0 till: 18 bar:1939 from:0 till: 19.9 bar:1941 from:0 till: 13.5 bar:1948 from:0 till: 15.8 bar:1956 from:0 till: 17.4 bar:1966 from:0 till: 19.1 bar:1977 from:0 till: 21.5 bar:1990 from:0 till: 23.2 bar:1992 from:0 till: 22.8 bar:2002 from:0 till: 21.6 bar:2005 from:0 till: 21.6 bar:2009 from:0 till: 21.4 bar:2011 from:0 till: 20.1 bar:2014 from:0 till: 19.9 bar:2020 from:0 till: 19.2 bar:2024 from:0 till: 19.0 PlotData= bar:1866 at: 4.4 fontsize:S text: 4.4 shift:(-7,5) bar:1887 at: 5.5 fontsize:S text: 5.5 shift:(-15,5) bar:1899 at: 5.9 fontsize:S text: 5.9 shift:(-15,5) bar:1912 at: 7.2 fontsize:S text: 7.2 shift:(-15,5) bar:1930 at: 18 fontsize:S text: 18 shift:(-15,5) bar:1939 at: 19.9 fontsize:S text: 19.9 shift:(-15,5) bar:1941 at: 13.5 fontsize:S text: 13.5 shift:(-15,5) bar:1948 at: 15.8 fontsize:S text: 15.8 shift:(-15,5) bar:1956 at: 17.4 fontsize:S text: 17.4 shift:(-15,5) bar:1966 at: 19.1 fontsize:S text: 19.1 shift:(-15,5) bar:1977 at: 21.5 fontsize:S text: 21.5 shift:(-15,5) bar:1990 at: 23.2 fontsize:S text: 23.2 shift:(-15,5) bar:1992 at: 22.8 fontsize:S text: 22.8 shift:(-15,5) bar:2002 at: 21.6 fontsize:S text: 21.6 shift:(-15,5) bar:2005 at: 21.6 fontsize:S text: 21.6 shift:(-15,5) bar:2009 at: 21.4 fontsize:S text: 21.4 shift:(-15,5) bar:2011 at: 20.1 fontsize:S text: 20.1 shift:(-15,5) bar:2014 at: 19.9 fontsize:S text: 19.9 shift:(-15,5) bar:2020 at: 19.2 fontsize:S text: 19.2 shift:(-15,5) bar:2024 at: 19.0 fontsize:S text: 19.0 shift:(-15,5) TextData= fontsize:S pos:(20,20) text:Population evolution (in millions)

Ethnic groups

Ethnic-maps-of-romania-from-1977-to-2021-v0-15wn0vk3ebcd1

Slightly more than 10% of the population of Romania is formed of minorities in Romania. The principal minorities are Hungarians and Roma, although other smaller ethnic groups exist too. Before

World War II World War II or the Second World War (1 September 1939 – 2 September 1945) was a World war, global conflict between two coalitions: the Allies of World War II, Allies and the Axis powers. World War II by country, Nearly all of the wo ...

, minorities represented more than 28% of the total population. During the war that percentage was halved, largely by the loss of the border areas of

Bessarabia Bessarabia () is a historical region in Eastern Europe, bounded by the Dniester river on the east and the Prut river on the west. About two thirds of Bessarabia lies within modern-day Moldova, with the Budjak region covering the southern coa ...

and northern

Bukovina Bukovina or ; ; ; ; , ; see also other languages. is a historical region at the crossroads of Central and Eastern Europe. It is located on the northern slopes of the central Eastern Carpathians and the adjoining plains, today divided betwe ...

(to the former

Soviet Union The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. (USSR), commonly known as the Soviet Union, was a List of former transcontinental countries#Since 1700, transcontinental country that spanned much of Eurasia from 1922 until Dissolution of the Soviet ...

, now

Moldova Moldova, officially the Republic of Moldova, is a Landlocked country, landlocked country in Eastern Europe, with an area of and population of 2.42 million. Moldova is bordered by Romania to the west and Ukraine to the north, east, and south. ...

and

Ukraine Ukraine is a country in Eastern Europe. It is the List of European countries by area, second-largest country in Europe after Russia, which Russia–Ukraine border, borders it to the east and northeast. Ukraine also borders Belarus to the nor ...

) and southern Dobrudja (to

Bulgaria Bulgaria, officially the Republic of Bulgaria, is a country in Southeast Europe. It is situated on the eastern portion of the Balkans directly south of the Danube river and west of the Black Sea. Bulgaria is bordered by Greece and Turkey t ...

). Two-thirds of the ethnic German population either left or were deported after World War II, a period that was followed by decades of relatively regular (by communist standards) migration. During the interwar period in Romania, the total number of ethnic Germans amounted to as much as 786,000 (according to some sources and estimates dating to 1939), a figure which had subsequently fallen to circa 36,000 as of 2011 in contemporary Romania. One reason for the decline of Romanian Germans is that after the

Romanian Revolution The Romanian revolution () was a period of violent Civil disorder, civil unrest in Socialist Republic of Romania, Romania during December 1989 as a part of the revolutions of 1989 that occurred in several countries around the world, primarily ...

there has been a mass migration of Transylvania Saxons to Germany, in what was referred by British daily newspaper '' Guardian'' to as 'the most astonishing, and little reported, ethnic migration in modern Europe'. Of a total population of three quarter million

Jews Jews (, , ), or the Jewish people, are an ethnoreligious group and nation, originating from the Israelites of History of ancient Israel and Judah, ancient Israel and Judah. They also traditionally adhere to Judaism. Jewish ethnicity, rel ...

before World War II, about a third were killed during the

Holocaust The Holocaust (), known in Hebrew language, Hebrew as the (), was the genocide of History of the Jews in Europe, European Jews during World War II. From 1941 to 1945, Nazi Germany and Collaboration with Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy ...

. Mass emigration, mostly to

Israel Israel, officially the State of Israel, is a country in West Asia. It Borders of Israel, shares borders with Lebanon to the north, Syria to the north-east, Jordan to the east, Egypt to the south-west, and the Mediterranean Sea to the west. Isr ...

and

United States The United States of America (USA), also known as the United States (U.S.) or America, is a country primarily located in North America. It is a federal republic of 50 U.S. state, states and a federal capital district, Washington, D.C. The 48 ...

, has reduced the surviving Jewish community to less than 6,000 in 2002 (it is estimated that the real numbers could be 3–4 times higher).

(Magyars; ''see

Hungarians in Romania The Hungarian minority of Romania (, ; ) is the largest Minorities of Romania, ethnic minority in Romania. As per the 2021 Romanian census, 1,002,151 people (6% of respondents) declared themselves Hungarian, while 1,038,806 people (6.3% of ...

'', especially in Harghita, Covasna, and Mureș counties) and Roma (''see

Romani people in Romania Romani people in Romania, locally and pejoratively referred to as the (), constitute the second largest ethnic minority in the country (the first being Hungarians). According to the 2021 census, their number was 569,477 people and 3.4% of the ...

'') are the principal minorities, with a declining German population (

Banat Swabians The Banat Swabians are an Germans, ethnic German population in the former Kingdom of Hungary in Central Europe, Central-Southeast Europe, part of the Danube Swabians and Germans of Romania. They emigrated in the 18th century to what was then the ...

in Timiș;

Transylvanian Saxons The Transylvanian Saxons (; Transylvanian Saxon dialect, Transylvanian Saxon: ''Siweberjer Såksen'' or simply ''Soxen'', singularly ''Sox'' or ''Soax''; Transylvanian Landler dialect, Transylvanian Landler: ''Soxn'' or ''Soxisch''; ; seldom ''sa ...

Sibiu Sibiu ( , , , Hungarian: ''Nagyszeben'', , Transylvanian Saxon: ''Härmeschtat'' or ''Hermestatt'') is a city in central Romania, situated in the historical region of Transylvania. Located some north-west of Bucharest, the city straddles th ...

Brașov Brașov (, , ; , also ''Brasau''; ; ; Transylvanian Saxon dialect, Transylvanian Saxon: ''Kruhnen'') is a city in Transylvania, Romania and the county seat (i.e. administrative centre) of Brașov County. According to the 2021 Romanian census, ...

and elsewhere), and smaller numbers of

Czechs The Czechs (, ; singular Czech, masculine: ''Čech'' , singular feminine: ''Češka'' ), or the Czech people (), are a West Slavs, West Slavic ethnic group and a nation native to the Czech Republic in Central Europe, who share a common Bohemia ...

Slovaks The Slovaks ( (historical Sloveni ), singular: ''Slovák'' (historical: ''Sloven'' ), feminine: ''Slovenka'' , plural: ''Slovenky'') are a West Slavic ethnic group and nation native to Slovakia who share a common ancestry, culture, history ...

Serbs The Serbs ( sr-Cyr, Срби, Srbi, ) are a South Slavs, South Slavic ethnic group native to Southeastern Europe who share a common Serbian Cultural heritage, ancestry, Culture of Serbia, culture, History of Serbia, history, and Serbian lan ...

Croats The Croats (; , ) are a South Slavs, South Slavic ethnic group native to Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina and other neighboring countries in Central Europe, Central and Southeastern Europe who share a common Croatian Cultural heritage, ancest ...

, and Banat Bulgarians (in

Banat Banat ( , ; ; ; ) is a geographical and Historical regions of Central Europe, historical region located in the Pannonian Basin that straddles Central Europe, Central and Eastern Europe. It is divided among three countries: the eastern part lie ...

Ukrainians Ukrainians (, ) are an East Slavs, East Slavic ethnic group native to Ukraine. Their native tongue is Ukrainian language, Ukrainian, and the majority adhere to Eastern Orthodox Church, Eastern Orthodoxy, forming the List of contemporary eth ...

(especially in

Maramureș ( ; ; ; ) is a geographical, historical and cultural region in northern Romania and western Ukraine. It is situated in the northeastern Carpathians, along parts of the upper Tisza River drainage basin; it covers the Maramureș Depression and the ...

and

), Greeks of Romania (especially in

Brăila Brăila (, also , ) is a city in Muntenia, eastern Romania, a port on the Danube and the capital of Brăila County. The Sud-Est (development region), ''Sud-Est'' Regional Development Agency is located in Brăila. According to the 2021 Romanian ...

and

Constanța Constanța (, , ) is a city in the Dobruja Historical regions of Romania, historical region of Romania. A port city, it is the capital of Constanța County and the country's Cities in Romania, fourth largest city and principal port on the Black ...

), Turks and

Tatars Tatars ( )Tatar
in the Collins English Dictionary are a group of Turkic peoples across Eas ...

(mainly in

Armenians Armenians (, ) are an ethnic group indigenous to the Armenian highlands of West Asia.Robert Hewsen, Hewsen, Robert H. "The Geography of Armenia" in ''The Armenian People From Ancient to Modern Times Volume I: The Dynastic Periods: From Antiq ...

Russians Russians ( ) are an East Slavs, East Slavic ethnic group native to Eastern Europe. Their mother tongue is Russian language, Russian, the most spoken Slavic languages, Slavic language. The majority of Russians adhere to Eastern Orthodox Church ...

(

Lipovans The Lipovans or Lippovans are ethnic Russians, Russian Old Believers living in Romania, Ukraine, Moldova and Bulgaria who settled in the Principality of Moldavia, in the east of the Principality of Wallachia (Muntenia), and in the regions of D ...

, Old Believers in

Tulcea Tulcea (; also known by #Names, alternative names) is a city in Northern Dobruja, Romania. It is the administrative center of Tulcea County, and had a population of 65,624 . One village, Tudor Vladimirescu, is administered by the city. It is one ...

and others. Since the Romanian Revolution of 1989, Bucharest and other cities have again become increasingly cosmopolitan, including identifiable presences from outside the EU ( Chinese, Turks, Moldovans, Syrians, Iraqis, Africans) as well as from the EU (French, Italians, Germans, British, Greeks). In Romania, there are also guest workers from countries such as Vietnam and Nepal. Minority populations are greatest in

Transylvania Transylvania ( or ; ; or ; Transylvanian Saxon dialect, Transylvanian Saxon: ''Siweberjen'') is a List of historical regions of Central Europe, historical and cultural region in Central Europe, encompassing central Romania. To the east and ...

and the

, areas in the north and west of the country, which were part of the

Kingdom of Hungary The Kingdom of Hungary was a monarchy in Central Europe that existed for nearly a millennium, from 1000 to 1946 and was a key part of the Habsburg monarchy from 1526-1918. The Principality of Hungary emerged as a Christian kingdom upon the Coro ...

(after 1867 the

Austria-Hungary Austria-Hungary, also referred to as the Austro-Hungarian Empire, the Dual Monarchy or the Habsburg Monarchy, was a multi-national constitutional monarchy in Central Europe#Before World War I, Central Europe between 1867 and 1918. A military ...

) until the end of

World War I World War I or the First World War (28 July 1914 – 11 November 1918), also known as the Great War, was a World war, global conflict between two coalitions: the Allies of World War I, Allies (or Entente) and the Central Powers. Fighting to ...

. Even before the union with Romania, ethnic Romanians comprised the overall majority in Transylvania. However, ethnic Hungarians and Germans were the dominant urban population until relatively recently, while Hungarians still constitute the majority in Harghita and Covasna counties. The Roma constitute one of Romania's largest minorities. According to the

2011 Romanian census The 2011 Romanian census was a census held in Romania between 20 and 31 October 2011. It was performed by some 120,000 census takers in around 101,000 statistic sectors throughout the country established by the National Institute of Statistics ( ...

, they number 621,573 people or 3.08% of the total population, being the second-largest ethnic minority in Romania after Hungarians, with significant populations in Mureș (8.9%) and

Călărași Călărași (), the capital of Călărași County in the Muntenia region, is situated in south-east Romania, on the banks of the Danube's Borcea branch, at about from the Bulgarian border and from Bucharest. It is one of six Romanian county se ...

(7,47%) counties. There are different estimates about the size of the total population of people with Roma ancestry in Romania because a lot of people of Roma descent do not declare themselves as Roma. The number of the Roma is usually underestimated in official statistics and may represent 5–11% of Romania's population. After Hungarians and the Roma,

Ukrainians of Romania The Ukrainians of Romania (, ) are the third-largest ethnic minority in Romania. According to the 2011 Romanian census they number 51,703 people, making up 0.3% of the total population. According to the 2021 Romanian census, there were 45,835 ...

are the third-largest minority. According to the 2011 Romanian census they number 51,703 people, making up 0.3% of the total population."Comunicat de presă privind rezultatele provizorii ale Recensământului Populației și Locuințelor – 2011"
, at the 2011 census site; accessed February 2, 2012. Ukrainians mainly live in northern Romania, in areas close to the Ukrainian border. Over 60% of all Romanian Ukrainians live in

Maramureș County Maramureș County () is a county (județ) in Romania, in the Maramureș region. The county seat is Baia Mare. Name In Hungarian language, Hungarian it is known as ''Máramaros megye'', in Ukrainian language, Ukrainian as Мараморо́щ ...

(where they make up 6.77% of the population).

Censuses in Romania

Vital statistics

Total Fertility Rate from 1850 to 1899

The

total fertility rate The total fertility rate (TFR) of a population is the average number of children that are born to a woman over her lifetime, if they were to experience the exact current age-specific fertility rates (ASFRs) through their lifetime, and they were t ...

is the number of children born per woman. It is based on fairly good data for the entire period. Sources:

Our World In Data Our World in Data (OWID) is a scientific online publication that focuses on large global problems such as poverty, disease, hunger, war, climate change, population growth, existential risks, and inequality. It is a project of the Global Cha ...

and Gapminder Foundation.

Before WWI

Between WWI and WWII

After WWII

Main sources: Source: National Institute of Statistics Note: The 2011 Romanian census gave a figure of 20,121,641. The 2021 Romanian census gave a figure of 19,053,815.

Current vital statistics

The current vital statistics of Romania are as follows

Total fertility rates by region

Life expectancy 1950–2020

Average

life expectancy Human life expectancy is a statistical measure of the estimate of the average remaining years of life at a given age. The most commonly used measure is ''life expectancy at birth'' (LEB, or in demographic notation ''e''0, where '' ...

at age 0 of the total population.

Birth rates by counties

Romania has 41 counties and one city with a special status, namely

Bucharest Bucharest ( , ; ) is the capital and largest city of Romania. The metropolis stands on the River Dâmbovița (river), Dâmbovița in south-eastern Romania. Its population is officially estimated at 1.76 million residents within a greater Buc ...

Ilfov County Ilfov () is the Counties of Romania, county that surrounds Bucharest, the capital of Romania. It used to be largely rural, but, after the fall of communism, many of the county's villages and communes developed into high-income commuter towns, whi ...

has the highest crude birth rate (12.0‰), while

Vâlcea County Vâlcea County (also spelt ''Vîlcea''; ) is a county (județ) that lies in south-central Romania. Located in the Historical regions of Romania, historical regions of Oltenia and Muntenia (which are separated by the Olt (river), Olt River), it i ...

has the lowest crude birth rate (6.6‰). Birth rates are generally higher in rural areas compared to urban areas.

Demographics statistics

Demographic statistics according to the World Population Review in 2019. *One birth every 3 minutes *One death every 2 minutes *Net loss of one person every 5 minutes *One net migrant every 19 minutes The following demographic statistics are from the

CIA World Factbook ''The World Factbook'', also known as the ''CIA World Factbook'', is a reference resource produced by the United States' Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) with almanac-style information about the countries of the world. The official print ve ...

, unless otherwise indicated.

Population

19,000,000 (January 2023 est.)

Median age

:total: 41.6 years. Country comparison to the world: 38th :male: 40.2 years :female: 43 years (2018 est.)

Birth rate

:8.7 births/1,000 population (2018 est.) Country comparison to the world: 211th

Death rate

:12 deaths/1,000 population (2018 est.) Country comparison to the world: 17th

Total fertility rate

:1.71 children born/woman (2017) Country comparison to the world: 154th

Net migration rate

:−0.2 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2018 est.) Country comparison to the world: 113th :−0.13 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Mother's mean age at first birth

:26.7 years (2014 est.)

Population growth rate

:−0.35% (2018 est.) Country comparison to the world: 219th :−0.127% (2007 estimate).

Urban–rural ratio

Romania is one of the least urbanised countries in Europe. Just a slight majority, 56.4 percent, lives in urban areas (12,546,212 people in total). The remainder, 43.6 percent, lives in rural areas (9,695,506 people in total). :urban population: 54% of total population (2018) :rate of urbanization: −0.38% annual rate of change (2015–20 est.)

Sex ratio

;''at birth:'':1.06 male(s)/female ;''under 15 years:'':1.05 male(s)/female ;''15–64 years:'':0.99 male(s)/female ;''65 years and over:'':0.71 male(s)/female ;''total population:'':0.95 male(s)/female (2008 est.)

Infant mortality rate

9.2 deaths/1,000 live births (May 2010);Populatia Romaniei, in continua scadere
July 12, 2010, Wall-street.ro, Accessed online on August 2, 2012 down from 17.3 deaths/1,000 live births in 2002.

Life expectancy at birth

*total population: 75.6 years (2018 est.) Country comparison to the world: 106th **male: 72.1 years (2018 est.) **female: 79.2 years (2018 est.) *''Total population:'' 75 years **''male:'' 71.4 years **''female:'' 78.8 years (2015 est.)

Literacy

definition: age 15 and over can read and write (2015 est.) :total population: 98.8% :male: 99.1% :female: 98.5% (2015 est.)

School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education)

:total: 14 years :male: 14 years :female: 15 years (2016)

Unemployment, youth ages 15–24

:total: 20.6%. Country comparison to the world: 62nd :male: 19.9% :female: 21.8% (2016 est.)

Nationality

The noun form is Romanian(s), and the adjectival form is Romanian.

Age structure

:''0–14 years:'' 14.31% (male 1,576,621 /female 1,493,082) :''15–24 years:'' 10.45% (male 1,151,312 /female 1,091,956) :''25–54 years:'' 46.11% (male 5,010,272 /female 4,883,090) :''55–64 years:'' 12.37% (male 1,244,669 /female 1,409,854) :''65 years and over:'' 16.76% (male 1,454,320 /female 2,141,940) (2018 est.) The following demographic statistics are from National Institute of Statistic on 1 July 2016. *''0–14 years:'' 14.7% (male 1,678,542/female 1,586,709) *''15–64 years:'' 69.5% (male 7,744,863/female 7,687,078) *''65 years and over:'' 15.8% (male 1,420,144/female 2,097,659) (2016 est.) As a consequence of the pro-natalist policies of the

Nicolae Ceaușescu Nicolae Ceaușescu ( ; ; – 25 December 1989) was a Romanian politician who was the second and last Communism, communist leader of Socialist Romania, Romania, serving as the general secretary of the Romanian Communist Party from 1965 u ...

regime (see Decree 770), Romania has a higher proportion of people born in the late 1960s and 1970s its population than any other Western country except

Slovenia Slovenia, officially the Republic of Slovenia, is a country in Central Europe. It borders Italy to the west, Austria to the north, Hungary to the northeast, Croatia to the south and southeast, and a short (46.6 km) coastline within the Adriati ...

. The generations born in 1967 and 1968 were the largest, although fertility remained relatively high until 1990. 8.55% of the Romanian population was born in the period from 1976 to 1980, compared with 6.82% of Americans and 6.33% of Britons.

Age structure by ethnicity

Population by ethnicity based on age groups, according to the 2011 census:

Immigration

Foreign-born population (according to

Eurostat Eurostat ("European Statistical Office"; also DG ESTAT) is a department of the European Commission ( Directorate-General), located in the Kirchberg quarter of Luxembourg City, Luxembourg. Eurostat's main responsibilities are to provide statist ...

Net migration data

Religion

* Romanian Orthodox — 86.7% *

Roman Catholic The Catholic Church (), also known as the Roman Catholic Church, is the largest Christian church, with 1.27 to 1.41 billion baptized Catholics worldwide as of 2025. It is among the world's oldest and largest international institut ...

— 4.7% *

Protestant Protestantism is a branch of Christianity that emphasizes Justification (theology), justification of sinners Sola fide, through faith alone, the teaching that Salvation in Christianity, salvation comes by unmerited Grace in Christianity, divin ...

Churches (Calvin, Lutheran, Unitarian, Pentecostal, Baptist, Adventist) — 5.3% * Greek Catholic – Uniate — 0.9% *

Islam Islam is an Abrahamic religions, Abrahamic monotheistic religion based on the Quran, and the teachings of Muhammad. Adherents of Islam are called Muslims, who are estimated to number Islam by country, 2 billion worldwide and are the world ...

— 0.3% *

Atheist Atheism, in the broadest sense, is an absence of belief in the existence of deities. Less broadly, atheism is a rejection of the belief that any deities exist. In an even narrower sense, atheism is specifically the position that there no ...

— ≈0.04% (9,271 people) * No religion — 0.1% * Other religions — 2.0% * Refused to declare — 0.1% Religious affiliation tends to follow ethnic lines, with most ethnic Romanians identifying with the

Romanian Orthodox Church The Romanian Orthodox Church (ROC; , ), or Romanian Patriarchate, is an autocephalous Eastern Orthodox church in full communion with other Eastern Orthodox Christian denomination, Christian churches, and one of the nine patriarchates in the East ...

. The Greek Catholic or Uniate church, reunified with the Orthodox Church by fiat in 1948, was restored after the 1989 revolution. The 2002 census indicates that 0.9% of the population is

Greek Catholic Greek Catholic Church or Byzantine-Catholic Church may refer to: * The Catholic Church in Greece * The Eastern Catholic Churches The Eastern Catholic Churches or Oriental Catholic Churches, also known as the Eastern-Rite Catholic Churches, Ea ...

, as opposed to about 10% prior to 1948.

s, largely ethnic Hungarians and Germans, constitute 4.7% of the population; Calvinists, Baptists (see Baptist Union of Romania and Convention of the Hungarian Baptist Churches of Romania), Pentecostals, and Lutherans make up another 5%. There are smaller numbers of Unitarians, Muslims, and other religions.

Notes

References

External links

United Nations Statistics – Romania

Romanian National Statistic Institute
(site is in Romanian, PDF files are in Romanian and English)
Population density map
{{Authority control