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Russian Social Democratic Labour Party (Mensheviks)
The Russian Social Democratic Labour Party (Mensheviks), later renamed the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party (United), was a political party in Russia. It emerged in 1912 as the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party was divided into two, the other group being the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party (Bolsheviks). However, the Mensheviks and Bolsheviks had existed as factions of the original party since 1903.Kowalski, Werner. Geschichte der sozialistischen arbeiter-internationale: 1923 - 19'. Berlin: Dt. Verl. d. Wissenschaften, 1985. pp. 336–337. History After the 1912 split, the General Jewish Labour Bund in Lithuania, Poland and Russia became a federated part of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party (Menshevik) as by this time the Mensheviks had accepted the idea of a federated party organization. August 19-26, 1917 a 'unification congress' was organized by the party in Petrograd seeking to unite different social democratic factions, at which Menshevik ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Russian Social Democratic Labour Party
The Russian Social Democratic Labour Party (RSDLP), also known as the Russian Social Democratic Workers' Party (RSDWP) or the Russian Social Democratic Party (RSDP), was a socialist political party founded in 1898 in Minsk, Russian Empire. The party emerged from the merger of various Marxist groups operating under Tsarist repression, and was dedicated to the overthrow of the autocracy and the establishment of a socialist state based on the revolutionary leadership of the Russian proletariat. The RSDLP's formative years were marked by ideological and strategic disputes culminating at its Second Congress in 1903, where the party split into two main factions: the Bolsheviks, led by Vladimir Lenin, who advocated a tightly organized vanguard of professional revolutionaries; and the Mensheviks, led by Julius Martov and others, who favored a more moderate, broad-based model. During and in the years after the 1905 Revolution, the RSDLP operated both legally and underground, publ ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
General Jewish Labour Bund In Lithuania, Poland And Russia
The General Jewish Labour Bund in Lithuania, Poland and Russia (), generally called The Bund (, cognate to , ) or the Jewish Labour Bund (), was a secular Jewish socialist party initially formed in the Russian Empire and active between 1897 and 1920. A member of the Bund was called a '' Bundist''. Between 1898 and 1903, the Bund was an autonomous part of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party, but left after the Second Congress. In 1917, the Bund organizations in Poland seceded from the Russian Bund and created a new Polish General Jewish Labour Bund which continued to operate in Poland in the years between the two world wars. The majority faction of the Russian Bund was dissolved in 1921 and incorporated into the Communist Party. Other remnants of the Bund endured in various countries. Founding During the mid-to-late 19th century eastern Europe, Jewish politics was shifting away from the oligarchic politics of the ''kehilla'', and religious conflict towards secular mass p ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bourgeois
The bourgeoisie ( , ) are a class of business owners, merchants and wealthy people, in general, which emerged in the Late Middle Ages, originally as a "middle class" between the peasantry and Aristocracy (class), aristocracy. They are traditionally contrasted with the proletariat by their wealth, political power, and education, as well as their access to and control of Cultural capital, cultural, Social capital, social, and financial capital. The bourgeoisie in its original sense is intimately linked to the political ideology of liberalism and its existence within cities, recognised as such by their urban charters (e.g., municipal charters, town privileges, German town law), so there was no bourgeoisie apart from the Burgher (social class), citizenry of the cities. Rural peasants came under a different legal system. In communist philosophy, the bourgeoisie is the social class that came to own the means of production during modern industrialisation and whose societal concerns ar ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
October Revolution
The October Revolution, also known as the Great October Socialist Revolution (in Historiography in the Soviet Union, Soviet historiography), October coup, Bolshevik coup, or Bolshevik revolution, was the second of Russian Revolution, two revolutions in Russia in 1917. It was led by Vladimir Lenin's Bolsheviks as part of the broader Russian Revolution of 1917–1923. It began through an insurrection in Petrograd (now Saint Petersburg) on . It was the precipitating event of the Russian Civil War. The initial stage of the October Revolution, which involved the assault on Petrograd, occurred largely without any casualties. The October Revolution followed and capitalized on the February Revolution earlier that year, which had led to the abdication of Nicholas II and the creation of the Russian Provisional Government. The provisional government, led by Alexander Kerensky, had taken power after Grand Duke Michael Alexandrovich of Russia, Grand Duke Michael, the younger brother of ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Aleksandr Martynov (Russian Politician)
Alexandr Martynov (Alexandr Martinov; also, Aleksandr Samoilovich Pikker;) (Russian: Александр Самойлович Мартынов) (12 December 1865 – 5 June 1935) was a leading Menshevik politician before the Russian Revolution of 1917, and for a few years after the revolution a critic of Leon Trotsky's theory of permanent revolution (1923).According to Leon Trotsky Biography The son of a Jewish timber merchant, Martynov joined The People’s Will in 1884, and was arrested three times in 1886-1889, and deported for ten years to the Kolyma region. He became a Marxist after his release, and joined the social democrats in 1899. In 1901, he emigrated to Switzerland and joined the Union of Russian Social Democrats Abroad As chief editor of the magazine ''Rabocheye Delo'' he was a leader of the Economist faction of the RSDLP. He proposed that the RSDLP should be guided by spontaneous initiatives by Russian workers, and confront the government on specific issues o ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Julius Martov
Yuliy Osipovich Tsederbaum (24 November 1873 – 4 April 1923), better known as Julius Martov, was a Russian revolutionary, politician, and a leader of the Mensheviks, a faction of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party (RSDLP). A close associate of Vladimir Lenin prior to 1903, Martov broke with him following the RSDLP's ideological schism, after which Lenin led the opposing faction, the Bolsheviks. Martov opposed Lenin's plan for a party restricted to professional revolutionaries, and called for a mass party modelled after Western European social democratic parties. Martov was born to a middle-class and politically active Jewish family in Constantinople. He was raised in Odessa and embraced Marxism after the Russian famine of 1891–1892. Martov briefly enrolled at Saint Petersburg Imperial University, but was later expelled and exiled to Vilna, where he developed influential ideas on worker agitation. Returning to Saint Petersburg in 1895, Martov collaborated with Vla ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ivan Maisky
Ivan Mikhailovich Maisky (also transliterated as "Maysky"; ) (19 January 1884 – 3 September 1975) was a Soviet diplomat, historian and politician who served as the Soviet Union's ambassador to the United Kingdom from 1932 to 1943, including much of the period of the Second World War. Early career Ivan Maisky was born Jan Lachowiecki in a nobleman's castle in Kirillov, near Nizhny Novgorod, where his father was working as a private tutor. His father was a Polish Jew who was a convert to Orthodox Christianity and his mother was Russian. He spent his childhood in Omsk, where his father worked as a military doctor. Maisky's youth was very strongly influenced by the humanism of the Russian ''intelligentsia'', and his favorite authors as a young man were William Shakespeare, Friedrich Schiller, Heinrich Heine and Lord Byron. Maisky's values were shaped by growing up in an atheist, bookish and intellectual family who read the works of Alexander Herzen and Nikolay Chernyshevsky. ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Henryk Ehrlich
Henryk Ehrlich , sometimes spelled ''Henryk Erlich''; 1882 – 15 May 1942) was an activist of the General Jewish Labour Bund in Poland, a member of the Petrograd Soviet, and a member of the executive committee of the Second International. Social-democratic politics Ehrlich became an activist in the social-democratic movement in 1904. During the Russian Revolution (1917), 1917 Russian Revolution he was a member of the Petrograd Soviet executive committee, and a member of Soviet's delegation to England, France and Italy. Interwar Polish and Jewish communal politics In 1921 Ehrlich was named a co-editor of the Warsaw Yiddish daily ''Folkstsaytung''. In 1924 he was elected to the Warsaw kehilla (modern), kehilla council as one of 5 Bundism, Bundists out of 50 members. He was then candidate for the chairmanship of the council, as unique countercandidate to the Agudat Yisrael in Poland, Agudist Eliahu Kirshbraun, who was elected as well as Jacob Trokenheim, another Agudist, as vice- ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Fyodor Dan
Fyodor Ilyich Dan (; 19 October Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates.html" ;"title="nowiki/>Old Style and New Style dates">O.S. 7 October1871 – 22 January 1947), original surname Gurvich, was a Russian political activist and journalist who helped found the Mensheviks">Menshevik faction of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party. Background Fyodor Dan was born to a Jewish family in St. Petersburg, where his father owned a pharmacy. From 1889 to 1895 he studied at the Imperial University of Dorpat. In 1895 he graduated from the medical faculty of Yuryev University (now University of Tartu) and became a doctor. He participated in the social democratic movement from 1894Jewish Telegraphic Agency''Fyodor Dan, Social Democrat Leader, Dies in New York.''JTA Daily News Bulletin, January 23, 1947. Career Dan was a lifelong socialist activist and journalist. He was a member of the St. Petersburg Union of Struggle for the Emancipation of the Working Class and was one of the organizers of ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Eva Broido
Eva L'vovna Broido ( Khava Leibovna Gordon; 7 November 1876 – c. 15 September 1941) was a Russian political figure, social democrat, revolutionary, publicist, translator, and memoirist. In 1917 she was Secretary of the Central Committee of the Menshevik Party. A prominent Menshevik, she was executed in 1941 and rehabilitated posthumously. Life Early years Eva L'vovna Gordon was born in Švenčionys, Vilna Governorate on 7 November 1876, the daughter of a once wealthy but later impoverished Jewish bourgeois family. Her father was a Talmudic scholar, and her mother was engaged in the sale of timber. She received her education in a primary Jewish school, and at the age of 15 completed four years of high school in Dorpat. She graduated from the Dorpat Pharmaceutical Institute and entered a pharmacy in Dvinsk. In 1912, she graduated from Kazan University and passed the exam to become an assistant pharmacist. Revolutionary activities In 1893-1896 she lived in Riga, where she mov ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pavel Axelrod
Pavel Borisovich Axelrod (; 25 August 1850 – 16 April 1928) was an early Russian Marxist revolutionary. Along with Georgi Plekhanov, Vera Zasulich, and Leo Deutsch, he was one of the members of the first organization of Russian Marxists, Emancipation of Labor. After the 2nd Congress of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party, he was part of the Menshevik faction, with which he was identified until his death. Early life and career Pavel Axelrod was the son of a Jewish innkeeper. His parents lived in the Jewish poorhouse. He was forced to work for a living from a young age; though while still in his early teens, he produced his first political essay, on the condition of the Jewish poor in the Mogilev Region, in modern-day Belarus. At the age of 16, he discovered the writings of the German socialist Ferdinand Lassalle, which had a major influence on him. Later, he obtained a place at Kiev University, with financial help from wealthy Jews, and organised a political discussio ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
