|
Rocasaurus Muniozi
''Rocasaurus'' (meaning "General Roca lizard") is a genus of titanosaurian sauropod that lived in South America. ''Rocasaurus'' was discovered in Argentina in 2000, within the Allen Formation which is dated to be middle Campanian to early Maastrichtian in age (75 to 70 million years ago in the Late Cretaceous). This genus grew up to long, making it one of the smaller sauropods. It seems to be closely related to saltasaurid dinosaurs, like ''Saltasaurus'' and ''Neuquensaurus''. The type species, ''Rocasaurus muniozi'', was formally described by Leonardo Salgado and Azpilicueta in 2000.Salgado, L. and C. Azpilicueta. (2000). Un nuevo saltasaurino (Sauropoda, Titanosauridae) de la provincia de Río Negro (Formacíon Allen, Cretácico Superior), Patagonia, Argentina. ''Ameghiniana'' 37 (3):259-264. New specimens were described in 2021. Discovery and naming Between 1989 and 1994, expeditions of the National University of Comahue and the Carlos Ameghino Provincial Museum collected tita ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Campanian
The Campanian is the fifth of six ages of the Late Cretaceous epoch on the geologic timescale of the International Commission on Stratigraphy (ICS). In chronostratigraphy, it is the fifth of six stages in the Upper Cretaceous Series. Campanian spans the time from 83.6 (± 0.2) to 72.1 (± 0.2) million years ago. It is preceded by the Santonian and it is followed by the Maastrichtian. The Campanian was an age when a worldwide sea level rise covered many coastal areas. The morphology of some of these areas has been preserved: it is an unconformity beneath a cover of marine sedimentary rocks. Etymology The Campanian was introduced in scientific literature by Henri Coquand in 1857. It is named after the French village of Champagne in the department of Charente-Maritime. The original type locality was a series of outcrops near the village of Aubeterre-sur-Dronne in the same region. Definition The base of the Campanian Stage is defined as a place in the stratigraphic ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Holotype
A holotype (Latin: ''holotypus'') is a single physical example (or illustration) of an organism used when the species (or lower-ranked taxon) was formally described. It is either the single such physical example (or illustration) or one of several examples, but explicitly designated as the holotype. Under the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN), a holotype is one of several kinds of name-bearing types. In the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (ICN) and ICZN, the definitions of types are similar in intent but not identical in terminology or underlying concept. For example, the holotype for the butterfly '' Plebejus idas longinus'' is a preserved specimen of that subspecies, held by the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard University. In botany and mycology, an isotype is a duplicate of the holotype, generally pieces from the same individual plant or samples from the same genetic individual. A holotype is not necessarily "ty ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bonatitan
''Bonatitan'' is a genus of titanosaurian dinosaur from the Late Cretaceous Allen Formation of Argentina. It was named in 2004. Description The type species is ''Bonatitan reigi'', first described by Martinelli and Forasiepi in 2004. The specific epithet honours Osvaldo Reig. The holotype, MACN-PV RN 821, originally included a braincase and caudal vertebrae as well as limb elements. However, Salgado et al. (2014) emended the holotype to include the braincase only, and treated other elements catalogued under MACN-PV RN 821 as belonging to separate individual based on size and relative proportions.Salgado L., Gallina P.A. and Paulina Carabajal A. 2014. "Redescription of ''Bonatitan reigi'' (Sauropoda: Titanosauria), from the Campanian–Maastrichtian of the Río Negro Province (Argentina)". Historical Biology: An International Journal of Paleobiology 27(5): 525-548 The genus and species names honor the famous Argentine paleontologists José Fernando Bonaparte and Osvaldo Reig. ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ibirania
''Ibirania'' (meaning "Ibirá wanderer" or "tree wanderer") is a genus of dwarf saltasaurine titanosaur dinosaur from the Late Cretaceous (Santonian to Campanian) São José do Rio Preto Formation (Bauru Group, Bauru Basin) of Southeast Brazil. The type species is ''Ibirania parva''. It is one of the smallest sauropods known to date, comparable in size to the titanosaur ''Magyarosaurus''. Discovery and naming The ''Ibirania'' holotype specimen, LPP-PV-0200–0207, was discovered in layers of the São José do Rio Preto Formation on the Garcia Brothers Farm in Vila Ventura, Ibirá, Ibirá Municipality, northeastern São Paulo State, Brazil, which dates to the late Santonian to early Campanian ages of the late Cretaceous period. The holotype consists of a dorsal vertebra, partial caudal vertebrae, a fragmentary radius and ulna, a partial metacarpal, and a nearly complete metatarsal. Additional material, including partial cervical vertebrae, cervical, dorsal, and caudal vertebrae, f ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Baurutitan
''Baurutitan'' is a genus of sauropod dinosaur that lived during the Late Cretaceous in what is now Brazil. The type species, ''Baurutitan britoi'', was described in 2005 by Kellner and colleagues, although the fossil remains had already been discovered in 1957. ''Baurutitan'' is classified as a lithostrotian titanosaur, and is distinguished from related genera based on its distinctive caudal vertebrae. This South American dinosaur was found in the Serra da Galga Formation near Uberaba, in the Brazilian state of Minas Gerais. Discovery The holotype of ''Baurutitan'' were found in 1957 by Llewellyn Ivor Price, the famous Brazilian paleontologist, in the region of Peirópolis, Minas Gerais. However, it was not until 2005 that ''Baurutitan'' was officially published and named. The works of Price in Peirópolis began in 1947 after Jesuíno Felicíssimo Junior, from the Instituto Geográfico e Geológico of São Paulo, told him about the presence of fossils in the region. Price then c ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Alamosaurus
''Alamosaurus'' (; meaning "Ojo Alamo lizard") is a genus of titanosaurian sauropod dinosaurs containing a single known species, ''Alamosaurus sanjuanensis'', from the Maastrichtian age of the Late Cretaceous period in what is now southwestern North America. It is the only known titanosaur to have inhabited North America after the nearly 30-million year absence of sauropods from the North American fossil record and probably represents an immigrant from South America. Adults would have measured around long, tall at the shoulder and weighed up to , though some specimens indicate a larger body size. Isolated vertebrae and limb bones suggest that it could have reached sizes comparable to ''Argentinosaurus'' and '' Puertasaurus'', which would make it the absolute largest dinosaur known from North America. Its fossils have been recovered from a variety of rock formations spanning the Maastrichtian age. Specimens of a juvenile ''Alamosaurus sanjuanensis'' have been recovered from o ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Saltasaurinae
Saltasaurinae is a subfamily of titanosaurian sauropods known from the late Cretaceous period of South America, India and Madagascar. Description Saltasaurines are relatively small sauropods with the general body shape of a small head, long neck, four limbs, and a long tail. They range from the small ''Ibirania'' at around , to the larger '' Neuquensaurus'' at . A currently unnamed fragmentary sauropod from Madagascar may turn out to be a saltasaurine longer than ''Neuquensaurus''. The weight of saltasaurines is very light compared to that of some of the largest dinosaurs. Thomas R. Holtz Jr. found the genera range from around , with ''Saltasaurus'' and an unnamed genus on both extremes, respectively.Holtz, Thomas R. Jr. (2011) ''Dinosaurs: The Most Complete, Up-to-date Encyclopedia for Dinosaur Lovers of All Ages,'Winter 2010 Appendix./ref> Saltasaurinae is the only known group of sauropods found with armour from almost every species. The most probable reason for the bony stud ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Nemegtosaurus
''Nemegtosaurus'' (meaning 'Reptile from the Nemegt') was a sauropod dinosaur from the Late Cretaceous Period of what is now Mongolia. Measuring an estimated long and weighing , it was named after the Nemegt Basin in the Gobi Desert, where the remains — a single skull — were found. The skull resembles diplodocoids in being long and low, with pencil-shaped teeth. However, recent work has shown that ''Nemegtosaurus'' is in fact a titanosaur, closely related to animals such as ''Saltasaurus'', '' Alamosaurus'' and '' Rapetosaurus''. Discovery and taxonomy The skull of ''Nemegtosaurus'' comes from the same beds as the titanosaur '' Opisthocoelicaudia'', which is known from a skeleton lacking the neck and skull. Originally, the referral of ''Nemegtosaurus'' to Diplodocoidea and ''Opisthocoelicaudia'' to Camarasauridae argued that the two represented different species. Both of these genera represent advanced titanosaurians, however, raising the possibility that the two are in fa ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Opisthocoelicaudia
''Opisthocoelicaudia'' is a genus of sauropod dinosaur of the Late Cretaceous Period discovered in the Gobi Desert of Mongolia. The type species is ''Opisthocoelicaudia skarzynskii''. A well-preserved skeleton lacking only the head and neck was unearthed in 1965 by Polish and Mongolian scientists, making ''Opisthocoelicaudia'' one of the best known sauropods from the Late Cretaceous. Tooth marks on this skeleton indicate that large carnivorous dinosaurs had fed on the carcass and possibly had carried away the now-missing parts. To date, only two additional, much less complete specimens are known, including part of a shoulder and a fragmentary tail. A relatively small sauropod, ''Opisthocoelicaudia'' measured about in length. Like other sauropods, it would have been characterised by a small head sitting on a very long neck and a barrel shaped trunk carried by four column-like legs. The name ''Opisthocoelicaudia'' means "posterior cavity tail", alluding to the unusual, opisthoco ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Opisthocoelicaudiinae
Opisthocoelicaudiinae is a subfamily of titanosaurian dinosaurs from the Late Cretaceous. It was named by John McIntosh in 1990. Opisthocoelicaudiines are known from Mongolia, Argentina, and the United States. Two genera were assigned to Opisthocoelicaudiinae by Gonzalez ''et al.'' (2009): ''Alamosaurus'' and ''Opisthocoelicaudia'' (the type genus), a conclusion also found by Díez Díaz ''et al.'' (2018). The hands of opisthocoelicaudiines lacked wrist bones and phalanges. It was suggested by Averianov and Lopatin in 2022 that ''Opisthocoelicaudia'' was not in fact closely related to ''Saltasaurus'', and instead to ''Nemegtosaurus'' and ''Quaesitosaurus'', which are both also Laurasian, as well as isolated teeth from the Turonian of Uzbekistan and the Santonian of Kazakhstan. Suggesting a more distant relationship to ''Saltasaurus'', Averianiov and Lopatin suggested using the clade name Opisthocoelicaudiidae for the group, limiting Saltasauridae to Gondwanan taxa. Opisthocoelic ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Saltasauridae
Saltasauridae (named after the Salta region of Argentina where they were first found) is a family of armored herbivorous sauropods from the Upper Cretaceous. They are known from fossils found in South America, Africa, Asia, North America, and Europe. They are characterized by their vertebrae and feet, which are similar to those of ''Saltasaurus'', the first of the group to be discovered and the source of the name. The last and largest of the group and only one found in North America, ''Alamosaurus'', was in length and one of the last sauropods to go extinct. Most of the saltasaurids were smaller, around in length, and one, ''Rocasaurus'', was only long. Like all sauropods, the saltasaurids were quadrupeds, their necks and tails were held almost parallel to the ground, and their small heads had only tiny, peg-like teeth. They were herbivorous, stripping leaves off plants and digesting them in their enormous guts. Although large animals, they were smaller than other sauropods of ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cladogram
A cladogram (from Greek language, Greek ''clados'' "branch" and ''gramma'' "character") is a diagram used in cladistics to show relations among organisms. A cladogram is not, however, an Phylogenetic tree, evolutionary tree because it does not show how ancestors are related to descendants, nor does it show how much they have changed, so many differing evolutionary trees can be consistent with the same cladogram. A cladogram uses lines that branch off in different directions ending at a clade, a group of organisms with a last common ancestor. There are many shapes of cladograms but they all have lines that branch off from other lines. The lines can be traced back to where they branch off. These branching off points represent a hypothetical ancestor (not an actual entity) which can be inferred to exhibit the traits shared among the terminal taxa above it. This hypothetical ancestor might then provide clues about the order of evolution of various features, adaptation, and other e ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
