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Rilsan
Nylon 11 or Polyamide 11 (PA 11) is a polyamide, bioplastic and a member of the nylon family of polymers produced by the polymerization of 11-Aminoundecanoic acid, 11-aminoundecanoic acid. It is produced from castor beans by Arkema under the trade name Rilsan. Nylon 11 is applied in the fields of Fossil fuel, oil and gas, aerospace, Automotive industry, automotive, textiles, electronics and sports equipment, frequently in Tubing (material), tubing, wire sheathing, and Coating, metal coatings. History In 1938, a research director for Thann & Mulhouse, Joseph Zeltner, first conceived the idea of Nylon 11, which was suggested in the works of Wallace Carothers. Thann & Mulhouse had already been involved in processing castor oil for 10-undecenoic acid, 10-undecenoic-acid, which would eventually be converted into the first amount of 11-Aminoundecanoic acid, 11-aminoundecanoic acid in 1940 with the help of coworkers Michel Genas and Marcel Kastner. In 1944, Kastner sufficiently improv ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Nylon
Nylon is a family of synthetic polymers characterised by amide linkages, typically connecting aliphatic or Polyamide#Classification, semi-aromatic groups. Nylons are generally brownish in color and can possess a soft texture, with some varieties exhibiting a silk-like appearance. As Thermoplastic, thermoplastics, nylons can be melt-processed into fibres, Thin film, films, and diverse shapes. The properties of nylons are often modified by blending with a variety of additives. Numerous types of nylon are available. One family, designated nylon-XY, is derived from diamines and dicarboxylic acids of carbon chain lengths X and Y, respectively. An important example is nylon-6,6 (). Another family, designated nylon-Z, is derived from amino acid, aminocarboxylic acids with carbon chain length Z. An example is nylon-[6]. Nylon polymers have extensive commercial applications, including uses in textiles and fibres (such as apparel, flooring and rubber reinforcement), molded components fo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bioplastic
Bioplastics are plastic materials produced from renewable biomass sources. Timeline of plastic development, Historically, bioplastics made from natural materials like shellac or Celluloid, cellulose had been the first plastics. Since the end of the 19th century they have been increasingly superseded by fossil-fuel plastics derived from petroleum or natural gas (''fossilized'' biomass is not considered to be Renewable resource, renewable in reasonable short time). Today, in the context of bioeconomy and circular economy, bioplastics are gaining interest again. Conventional petro-based polymers are increasingly blended with bioplastics to manufacture "bio-attributed" or "mass-balanced" plastic products - so the difference between bio- and other plastics might be difficult to define. Bioplastics can be produced by: * processing directly from Biopolymer, natural biopolymers including polysaccharides (e.g., corn starch or rice starch, cellulose, chitosan, and alginate) and proteins ( ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
11-Aminoundecanoic Acid
11-Aminoundecanoic acid is an organic compound with the formula H2N(CH2)10CO2H. This white solid is classified as an amine and a fatty acid. 11-Aminoundecanoic acid is a precursor to Nylon-11. Production As practiced by Arkema, 11-aminoundecanoic acid is prepared industrially from undecylenic acid, which is derived from castor oil. The synthesis proceeds in four separate reactions: Transesterification of castor oil to methyl ricinoleate Crude castor oil consists of about 80% triglycerides, from the ricinoleic acid, itself representing about 90% of the oil. It is quantitatively transesterified with methanol to methyl ricinoleate (the methyl ester of ricinoleic acid) in the presence of the basic sodium methoxide at 80 °C within 1 h reaction time in a stirred reactor. At the end of the reaction, the resulting glycerol separates and the liquid methyl ester is washed with water to remove residual glycerol. : Pyrolysis of methylricinoleate to heptanal and methyl undecenoate Me ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Polyamide
A polyamide is a polymer with repeating units linked by amide bonds. Polyamides occur both naturally and artificially. Examples of naturally occurring polyamides are proteins, such as wool and silk. Artificially made polyamides can be made through step-growth polymerization or solid-phase synthesis yielding materials such as nylons, aramids, and sodium polyaspartate. Synthetic polyamides are commonly used in textiles, automotive industry, carpets, kitchen utensils and sportswear due to their high durability and strength. The transportation manufacturing industry is the major consumer, accounting for 35% of polyamide (PA) consumption. Classification Polymers of amino acids are known as polypeptides or proteins. According to the composition of their main chain, synthetic polyamides are classified as follows: All polyamides are made by the formation of an amide function to link two molecules of monomer together. The monomers can be amides themselves (usually in the form of a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Arkema
Arkema S.A. is a Public company, publicly listed, multi-national manufacturer of specialty materials, headquartered in La Défense, near Paris, France. It has three specialty materials segments (or divisions); Adhesive, adhesives, advanced materials and Coating, coatings. A further segment covers chemical intermediates. The company was created in 2004, as part of French oil major Total S.A., Total's restructuring of its chemicals business, and floated on the Paris Bourse, Paris stock exchange in May 2006. Turnover in 2024 was €9.5 billion. Arkema operates in 55 countries and has 21,150 employees, 17 research centers and 157 production plants. History Arkema was created when French oil major Total S.A., Total restructured its chemicals business in 2004, but the company's roots go back many years. Origin and evolution In 1971, Elf Aquitaine, Elf and Total merged their chemical operations into Aquitaine Total Organico (ATO), a joint subsidiary. The same year saw the creatio ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
PA11 Repeating Unit
PA11 may refer to: * Pennsylvania Route 11 * Pennsylvania Route 11 (1920s) * Pennsylvania's 11th congressional district * Piper PA-11, a light aircraft * Polyamide 11, or Nylon 11 {{Letter-NumberCombDisambig ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ricinoleic Acid
Ricinoleic acid, formally called 12-hydroxy-9-''cis''-octadecenoic acid, is a fatty acid. It is an Unsaturated fatty acid, unsaturated omega-9 fatty acid and a hydroxy acid. It is a major component of the seed oil obtained from the seeds of castor plant (''Ricinus communis'' L., Euphorbiaceae), the plant that produces ricin. It is also found in the sclerotium of ergot (''Claviceps purpurea'' Tul., Clavicipitaceae). About 90% of the fatty acid content in castor oil is the ricinolein. Production Ricinoleic acid is manufactured for industries by saponification or fractional distillation of hydrolysis, hydrolyzed castor oil. The first attempts to prepare ricinoleic acid were made by Friedrich Krafft in 1888. Use Sebacic acid ((CH2)8(CO2H)2), which is used in preparing certain nylons, is produced by cleavage of ricinoleic acid. The coproduct is 2-Octanol, 2-octanol. The mechanism of the base-induced cleavage is proposed to proceed by initial dehydrogenation of the secondary alco ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Birdsboro, Pennsylvania
Birdsboro is a borough in Berks County, Pennsylvania, United States. It is located along the Schuylkill River southeast of Reading. As of the 2020 census, it had a population of 5,106. Birdsboro's economy had historically been rooted in large foundries and machine shops, none of which remain in operation today. History Birdsboro was named for ironmaker William Bird, who established a forge on Hay Creek about 1740. His son Marcus founded Hopewell Furnace in 1771, which was the largest domestic producer of iron by the time of the American Revolution. The Schuylkill Canal, running parallel to the river, was completed in 1827. The Philadelphia and Reading Railroad, constructed to haul anthracite coal, was completed in 1843. Edward and George Brooke, descendants of the Birds, established the Birdsboro Iron Foundry Company (1867), which became Birdsboro Steel Company (1905). The principal employer for 120 years, the steel plant closed in 1988, following a lengthy strike. Th ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Changshu
Changshu (; Suzhounese: /d͡ʐan¹³ ʐoʔ²³/) is a county-level city under the jurisdiction of Suzhou, Jiangsu province, and is part of the Yangtze River Delta. It borders the prefecture-level city of Nantong to the northeast across the Yangtze River. Due to the mild climate and terrain there, it has enjoyed a high level of agricultural civilization since ancient times, and is named after this, for the first character of its name () means "always, often", while the second () means "ripe". The name of the adjacent county-level city of Taicang means "great granary". History Changshu first became an independent county in 540 AD, but in 581 was made subordinate to Suzhou. It was promoted to seat of a full prefecture in 1295, was rebuilt and fortified in the 14th century, but in 1370 was reduced again to the level of a county. In the 15th and 16th centuries Changshu was several times attacked by Japanese pirates. Changshu has traditionally been a market town for locally produce ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Serquigny
Serquigny () is a commune in France, commune of the Eure Departments of France, department in Normandy (administrative region), Normandy in northern France. It lies on the rail line from Cherbourg to Paris. In the village there is a privately owned manor house called Chateau de Maubuisson. Geography The commune along with another 69 communes shares part of a 4,747 hectare, Natura 2000 conservation area, called Risle, Guiel, Charentonne. Landmarks * Château du Grand-Serquigny Population Démographie See also *Communes of the Eure department References Communes of Eure {{Bernay-geo-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Methyl Ricinoleate
Methyl ricinoleate is a clear, viscous fluid that is used as a surfactant, cutting fluid additive, lubricant, and plasticizer. It is a plasticizer for cellulosic resins, polyvinyl acetate, and polystyrene. It is a type of fatty acid methyl ester synthesized from castor oil Castor oil is a vegetable oil pressed from castor beans, the seeds of the plant ''Ricinus communis''. The seeds are 40 to 60 percent oil. It is a colourless or pale yellow liquid with a distinct taste and odor. Its boiling point is and its den ... and methyl alcohol. References {{reflist Methyl esters Secondary alcohols Fatty acid esters ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Transesterification
Transesterification is the process of exchanging the organic functional group R″ of an ester with the organic group R' of an alcohol. These reactions are often catalyzed by the addition of an acid or base catalyst. Strong acids catalyze the reaction by donating a proton to the carbonyl group, thus making it a more potent electrophile. Bases catalyze the reaction by removing a proton from the alcohol, thus making it more nucleophilic. The reaction can also be accomplished with the help of enzymes, particularly lipases (one example is the lipase E.C.3.1.1.3). If the alcohol produced by the reaction can be separated from the reactants by distillation this will drive the equilibrium toward the products. This means that esters with larger alkoxy groups can be made from methyl or ethyl esters in high purity by heating the mixture of ester, acid/base, and large alcohol. Mechanism In the transesterification mechanism, the carbonyl carbon of the starting ester reacts to give a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
