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Riigivanem
The State Elder (), sometimes also translated as Head of State, was the official title of the Estonian head of state from 1920 to 1937. He combined some of the functions held by a president and prime minister in most other democracies. According to the 1920 Estonian Constitution, which was enforced by the “Constitution of the Republic of Estonia, the Referendum Act and the Citizens’s Initiative Act Implementation Act“ on July 2, 1920, after being approved by the Constituent Assembly on June 16, 1920 (''Riigi Teataja'' August 9, 1920 No. 113/114), the Government of the Republic consisted of the ''riigivanem'' (State Elder) and Ministers (Section 58). The responsibilities of the State Elder were representing the Republic of Estonia, administration and co-ordination of the activities of the Government of the Republic, chairing the Government meetings; the State Elder had the right to make inquiries about the activities of the Ministers (Section 62). The Government of the Repu ...
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Prime Minister Of Estonia
The prime minister of Estonia () is the head of government of the Estonia, Republic of Estonia. The prime minister is nominated by the President of Estonia, president after appropriate consultations with the parliamentary factions and confirmed by the parliament (''Riigikogu''). In case of disagreement, the parliament can reject the president's nomination and choose their own candidate. In practice, since the prime minister must maintain the confidence of parliament in order to remain in office, he or she is usually the leader of the senior partner in the governing coalition. The current prime minister is Kristen Michal of the Estonian Reform Party, Reform Party. He took the office on 23 July 2024 following the resignation of Kaja Kallas. The prime minister does not head any specific ministry. Rather, in accordance with the Constitution of Estonia, constitution, the prime minister supervises the work of the government. The prime minister's significance and role in the government ...
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President Of Estonia
The president of the Republic of Estonia () is the head of state of the Estonia, Republic of Estonia. The current president is Alar Karis, elected by Parliament on 31 August 2021, replacing Kersti Kaljulaid. Estonia is one of the few parliamentary republics in which the president is a ceremonial figurehead without even nominal executive powers. The president is obliged to suspend their membership in any political party for the term in office. Upon assuming office, the authority and duties of the president in all other elected or appointed offices terminate automatically. These measures should theoretically help the president to function in a more independent and impartial manner. The president holds office for five years. They may be elected any number of times, but not more than twice consecutively. In Estonia, the president is elected by the Riigikogu;
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Konstantin Päts
Konstantin Päts ( – 18 January 1956) was an Estonian statesman and the country's president from 1938 to 1940. Päts was one of the most influential politicians of the independent democratic Republic of Estonia, and during the two decades prior to World War II he also served five times as the country's prime minister. After the 16–17 June 1940 Soviet invasion and occupation of Estonia, Päts remained formally in office for over a month, until he was forced to resign, imprisoned by the new Stalinist regime, and deported to the USSR, where he died in 1956. Päts was one of the first Estonians to become active in politics, and he then started a famous, nearly four-decade long, political rivalry with Jaan Tõnisson — first through journalism with his newspaper '' Teataja'', later through politics. Although Päts was sentenced to death (in absentia) during the Russian Revolution of 1905, he was able to flee abroad, first to Switzerland, then to Finland, where he continued ...
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Independent Socialist Workers' Party (Estonia)
The Estonian Independent Socialist Workers' Party (, EISTP) was a political party in Estonia. History The party was formed in 1919 as a split from the Estonian Socialist Revolutionary Party, and was joined by defectors from the Estonian Social Democratic Workers' Party.Vincent E McHale (1983) ''Political parties of Europe'', Greenwood Press, p382 It contested the Constituent Assembly elections in 1919 as Socialists-Revolutionaries, winning seven seats. Later in the year they became the EISTP.Dieter Nohlen & Philip Stöver (2010) ''Elections in Europe: A data handbook'', p579 The 1920 elections saw the EISTP win 11 of the 100 seats in the Riigikogu. In 1922 the party was infiltrated by members of the Communist Party, resulting in a power struggle that the Communists won by mid-1923. The right-wing opposition left the party in 1922 and formed the Independent Socialist Workers' Party (ISTP). The May 1923 elections saw the radicalised party reduced to five seats.Nohlen & Stö ...
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Friedrich Karl Akel
Friedrich Karl Akel ( in Kaubi (now Pornuse) village, Mulgi Parish – 3 July 1941 in Tallinn) was an Estonian diplomat and politician who served as State Elder of Estonia in 1924. Early years Akel was born in Kaubi village (now Pornuse) in Mulgi Parish. He attended the Alexander Gymnasium in Tartu, and studied in the department of medicine of the University of Tartu in 1892–1897. After graduating, he worked as an assistant at the Tartu University Clinic before being employed as a doctor at Reimers ophthalmology clinic in Riga in 1898. The following year, he started working as a doctor in the Ujazdów military hospital in Warsaw. In 1901, he continued his studies in Berlin, Prague and Leipzig. After briefly returning as a doctor at Reimers ophthalmology clinic, Akel practiced a private ophthalmologist in Tallinn between 1902 and 1912, with an exception for 1904–1905, when he served as an army physician in the Russo-Japanese war. In 1907 he was one of the founders of th ...
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Jüri Jaakson
Jüri Jaakson ( – 20 April 1942) was an Estonian lawyer and statesman. Early years Jaakson was born in Karula. After graduating from the Hugo Treffner Gymnasium in Tartu, he studied law at the University of Tartu from 1892 to 1896. He graduated with a 1st degree diploma (simple graduation) in 1896. In 1897–1914 he worked as a lawyer in Viljandi and Riga. In 1915–1919, Jaakson was a member of board of the Tallinn Municipal Bank (). Political career Jaakson was a member and assistant chairman of the Estonian Provincial Assembly in 1917–1918. In 1918, he was general commissioner of the Estonian Provisional Government for expropriating property from the German occupation powers. During 1918–1920 he was Minister of Justice in the government of the Republic of Estonia. In 1920–1932 Jaakson served as a member of parliament (the I–IV Riigikogu). Between December 1924 to December 1925, Jaakson was State Elder of Estonia. In 1926–1940 he worked as president of t ...
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Estonian Social Democratic Workers' Party
The Estonian Social Democratic Workers' Party () was a political party in Estonia between 1917 and 1925. The leaders of the party, founded on platforms of patriotism, Estonian independence, and social justice, made a major contribution to the drafting of the first (1920) Constitution of Estonia. History Social democracy in Estonia was born at the beginning of the 20th century. Estonian social democracy was influenced by western European ideas of social democracy as well as by Russian ideals. During the Russian Revolution of 1905, social democratic ideas spread and Estonian social democrats formed their party in the summer of 1905 in Tartu. At this time, the party was named the Estonian Social Democratic Workers Unity (''Eesti Sotsiaaldemokraatlik Tööliste Ühendus''). The social democrats were the most persecuted party during the czarist era. Their newspapers were closed, their politicians were forced to emigrate (Peeter Speek and Mihkel Martna) or prosecute in underground ( ...
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Estonian Socialist Workers' Party
The Estonian Socialist Workers' Party (, ''ESTP'') was a political party in Estonia. History The party was established in 1925 as a merger of the Estonian Social Democratic Workers' Party and former members of the Independent Socialist Workers' Party, which had been banned in May 1924 following a Communist takeover.Vincent E. McHale (1983) ''Political parties of Europe'', Greenwood Press, p382 Dieter Nohlen & Philip Stöver (2010) ''Elections in Europe: A data handbook'', p579 The two parties had won a combined 20 seats in the Riigikogu in the 1923 elections.Nohlen & Stöver, p586 The 1926 elections saw the new party win 24 seats, making it the largest in the Riigikogu, Although Jaan Teemant of the Farmers' Assemblies party remained Head of State, August Rei of the ESTP became Head of State in December 1928.Nohlen & Stöver, p590 The party remained the largest in the Riigikogu after the 1929 elections, in which it won 25 seats, but Otto Strandman of the Estonian Labour P ...
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Estonia
Estonia, officially the Republic of Estonia, is a country in Northern Europe. It is bordered to the north by the Gulf of Finland across from Finland, to the west by the Baltic Sea across from Sweden, to the south by Latvia, and to the east by Russia. The territory of Estonia consists of the mainland, the larger islands of Saaremaa and Hiiumaa, and over 2,300 other islands and islets on the east coast of the Baltic Sea. Its capital Tallinn and Tartu are the two largest List of cities and towns in Estonia, urban areas. The Estonian language is the official language and the first language of the Estonians, majority of its population of nearly 1.4 million. Estonia is one of the least populous members of the European Union and NATO. Present-day Estonia has been inhabited since at least 9,000 BC. The Ancient Estonia#Early Middle Ages, medieval indigenous population of Estonia was one of the last pagan civilisations in Europe to adopt Christianity following the Northern Crusades in the ...
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Jaan Teemant
Jaan may refer to: *Jaan (given name) * ''Jaan'' (album), an Indian pop album by Sonu Nigam * ''Jaan'' (film), a 1996 Bollywood action film directed by Raj Kanwar *Gauhar Jaan (1873–1930), Indian singer and dancer *" Jaan Atki", a 2016 Punjabi song by Mumzy Stranger See also *Jan (other) Jan, JaN or JAN may refer to: Acronyms * Jackson, Mississippi (Amtrak station), US, Amtrak station code JAN * Jackson-Evers International Airport, Mississippi, US, IATA code * Jabhat al-Nusra (JaN), a Syrian militant group * Japanese Article Nu ... * Jaaneman (other) {{disambiguation, surname de:Jaan ...
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Friedrich Akel
Friedrich Karl Akel ( in Kaubi (now Pornuse) village, Mulgi Parish – 3 July 1941 in Tallinn) was an Estonian diplomat and politician who served as State Elder of Estonia in 1924. Early years Akel was born in Kaubi village (now Pornuse) in Mulgi Parish. He attended the Alexander Gymnasium in Tartu, and studied in the department of medicine of the University of Tartu in 1892–1897. After graduating, he worked as an assistant at the Tartu University Clinic before being employed as a doctor at Reimers ophthalmology clinic in Riga in 1898. The following year, he started working as a doctor in the Ujazdów military hospital in Warsaw. In 1901, he continued his studies in Berlin, Prague and Leipzig. After briefly returning as a doctor at Reimers ophthalmology clinic, Akel practiced a private ophthalmologist in Tallinn between 1902 and 1912, with an exception for 1904–1905, when he served as an army physician in the Russo-Japanese war. In 1907 he was one of the founders of th ...
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