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Riffian Independence Movement
The Riffian independence movement is an ongoing political movement aiming for international recognition of the Rif, Rif region in Northern Morocco, as a state independent from the Morocco, Kingdom of Morocco. The movement is rooted in several instances of indigenous territory being colonized, ruled, and marginalized by different powers and the riots and civil disobedience resulting from it, including the 1958 Rif riots and the Hirak Rif Movement, Hirak Rif movement. While Riffian independence has been a topic of protest and organization in the past, the formal and internationally noted independence movement could technically be considered to have begun in September 2023 with the formation of the Rif Nationalist Party (PNR). History The Rif region is largely of Berbers, Berber origin. Of the 55 Rif tribes, 47 of them are of Berbers, Berber and/or Arabized Berber origin (although some of these tribes contain a minority of Arabs, Arab sub-tribes), and only 8 Rif tribes are Arabs not ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Flag Of The Republic Of The Rif
A flag is a piece of fabric (most often rectangular) with distinctive colours and design. It is used as a symbol, a signalling device, or for decoration. The term ''flag'' is also used to refer to the graphic design employed, and flags have evolved into a general tool for rudimentary signalling and identification, especially in environments where communication is challenging (such as the maritime environment, where semaphore is used). Many flags fall into groups of similar designs called flag families. The study of flags is known as "vexillology" from the Latin , meaning "flag" or "banner". National flags are patriotic symbols with widely varied interpretations that often include strong military associations because of their original and ongoing use for that purpose. Flags are also used in messaging, advertising, or for decorative purposes. Some military units are called "flags" after their use of flags. A ''flag'' (Arabic: ) is equivalent to a brigade in Arab countries. In ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Unemployment
Unemployment, according to the OECD (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development), is the proportion of people above a specified age (usually 15) not being in paid employment or self-employment but currently available for work during the reference period. Unemployment is measured by the unemployment rate, which is the number of people who are unemployed as a percentage of the labour force (the total number of people employed added to those unemployed). Unemployment can have many sources, such as the following: * the status of the economy, which can be influenced by a recession * competition caused by globalization and international trade * new technologies and inventions * policies of the government * regulation and market * war, civil disorder, and natural disasters Unemployment and the status of the economy can be influenced by a country through, for example, fiscal policy. Furthermore, the monetary authority of a country, such as the central bank, can in ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
French Algeria
French Algeria ( until 1839, then afterwards; unofficially ; ), also known as Colonial Algeria, was the period of History of Algeria, Algerian history when the country was a colony and later an integral part of France. French rule lasted until the end of the Algerian War which resulted in Algeria's Independence Day (Algeria), gaining independence on 5 July 1962. The French conquest of Algeria began in 1830 with the Invasion of Algiers (1830), invasion of Algiers which toppled the Regency of Algiers, though Algeria was not fully conquered and Pacification of Algeria, pacified until 1903. It is estimated that by 1875, approximately 825,000 indigenous Algerians were killed. Various scholars describe the French conquest as genocide. Algeria was ruled as a French colony, colony from 1830 to 1848, and then as multiple Departments of France#Departments of Algeria (Départements d'Algérie), departments, an integral part of France, with the implementing of the French Constitution of 18 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Kidnapping
Kidnapping or abduction is the unlawful abduction and confinement of a person against their will, and is a crime in many jurisdictions. Kidnapping may be accomplished by use of force or fear, or a victim may be enticed into confinement by fraud or deception. Kidnapping is distinguished from false imprisonment by the intentional movement of the victim to a different location. Kidnapping may be done to demand a ransom in exchange for releasing the victim, or for other illegal purposes. Kidnapping can be accompanied by bodily injury, which in some jurisdictions elevates the crime to aggravated kidnapping. Kidnapping of a child may be a distinct crime, depending on jurisdiction. Motives Kidnapping can occur for a variety of reasons, with motivations for the crime varying particularly based on the perpetrator. Ransom The kidnapping of a person, most often an adult, for ransom is a common motivation behind kidnapping. This method is primarily utilized by larger organizations, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Assassination
Assassination is the willful killing, by a sudden, secret, or planned attack, of a personespecially if prominent or important. It may be prompted by political, ideological, religious, financial, or military motives. Assassinations are ordered by both individuals and organizations, and are carried out by their accomplices. Acts of assassination have been performed since ancient times. A person who carries out an assassination is called an assassin. Etymology ''Assassin'' comes from the Italian and French Assissini, believed to derive from the word '' hashshashin'' (), and shares its etymological roots with '' hashish'' ( or ; from ').''The Assassins: a radical sect in Islam'' – Bernard Lewis, pp. 11–12 It referred to a group of Nizari Ismailis known as the Order of Assassins who worked against various political targets. Founded by Hassan-i Sabbah, the Assassins were active in the Near East from the 11th to the 13th centuries. The group killed members of the Ab ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Allal Al-Fassi
Muhammad Allal al-Fassi () (January 10, 1910 – May 13, 1974) was a Moroccan revolutionary, politician, writer, poet, Pan-Arabist and Islamic scholar. Early life and exile He was born in Fes and studied at the University of al-Qarawiyyin. He came from the prominent . His father, Abd al-Wahid, was a judge (Qadi) as well as his uncle Abdallah Al-Fassi (1871-1930) who was in charge of his education. For many years, his professor and mentor was Abdeslam Serghini. He started his anti-French political activities very early on in 1926, immediately after joining the University of Al-Qarawiyyin, which would lead to his expulsion from the university in 1927, and banishment from the city of Fes by the French colonial administration who decided to confine him in Taza. He finished his studies at the Zawiya Nassiriya, a Zawiya historically known for its intellectual potency and hostility to European invasions of Morocco. In 1931, he was allowed back to Fes, and he again picked up his pol ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mehdi Ben Barka
Mehdi Ben Barka (; 1920 – disappeared 29 October 1965) was a Moroccan nationalist, Arab socialist, politician, revolutionary, anti-imperialist, head of the left-wing National Union of Popular Forces (UNFP) and secretary of the Tricontinental Conference. An opponent of French imperialism and King Hassan II, he " disappeared" in Paris in 1965. Many theories attempting to explain what happened to him were put forward over the years; in 2018 new claims regarding his disappearance were made by Israeli journalist and author Ronen Bergman in his book ''Rise And Kill First: The Secret History of Israel's Targeted Assassinations''. Based on research and interviews with Israeli intelligence operatives who were involved in planning the kidnapping of Barka, Bergman concluded that he was located by the Mossad on behalf of Moroccan intelligence, who assisted the latter in planning the murder ultimately committed by Moroccan agents and French police, after which the Mossad disposed of h ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Abdelkhalek Torres
Abdelkhalek Torres (; 1910 – May 27, 1970) was a Moroccan journalist and nationalist leader based in Tetouan, Morocco during the Spanish protectorate of Morocco The Spanish protectorate in Morocco was established on 27 November 1912 by a treaty between France and Spain that converted the Spanish sphere of influence in Morocco into a formal protectorate. The Spanish protectorate consisted of a norther ... era. He co-founded an arabophone newspaper entitled ''al-Hurriya'' ( ''Freedom'') along with Abdesalam Bennuna. Torres's 1934 play ''Intissar al haq'' (The Victory of the Right), "is still considered the first published Moroccan play," according to scholar Kamal Salhi. His political activity from the 1930s on culminated in the independence of Morocco in 1956.Christian Leitz and David Joseph Dunthorn. ''Spain in an international context, 1936-1959''. Berghahn Books, 1999Pages 160-162 In his later years, Torres served first as ambassador to Spain and Egypt, and then as ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Istiqlal Party
The Istiqlal Party (; ; ) is a political party in Morocco. It is a conservative and monarchist party and a member of the Centrist Democrat International and International Democracy Union. Istiqlal headed a coalition government under Abbas El Fassi from 19 September 2007 to 29 November 2011. From 2013 to 2021, it was part of the opposition. Since 2021 it is part of a coalition government led by Aziz Akhannouch. The party emerged in the year 1937 during the anti-colonial struggle against French and Spanish imperial rule, making it the oldest active political party in Morocco. History and profile The party was founded in April 1937 as the National Party for Istiqlal, and became the Istiqlal Party 10 December 1943. Istiqlal held strongly Arab nationalist views and was the main political force struggling for the independence of Morocco. The initial goal stated in their manifesto was the independence from France “within the framework of a constitutional-democratic monarchy”. Th ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Moroccan Army Of Liberation
The Army of Liberation (; ) was an organization of various loosely united militias fighting for the independence of Morocco from the French- Spanish protectorate. It was founded in 1955 as an attempt to organise the various factions of rural Moroccan armed resistance after the assassination of the Tunisian labor unionist Farhat Hached and the forced exile of King Mohamed ben Youssef. History Founding It was founded in 1955 as an attempt to organise the various factions of rural Moroccan armed resistance that swept the country as a result of the assassination of Farhat Hached and the exile of king Mohamed ben Youssef. Abdelkrim El Khattabi played an important role in the instigation of the army, through commanders such as Abbas Messaadi and Sellam Amezian. Rural pre-Sahran Jews provided support to the Army of Liberation of the South. Ifni War In 1956, units of the Army, which started to move its staff from North Spanish Morocco, began infiltrating Ifni and other ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sellam Amezian
Mohammed Sellam Amezian (; Tazourakht (Ait Boukhlef) Al Hoceima, 1925 – 9 September 1995, in Bergen op Zoom, The Netherlands) was a Riffian politician, a member of the Democratic Independence Party and a veteran of the pre-independence guerilla Army of Liberation. He led the Rif Revolt (1958-1959). Early life Mohammed Sellam Amezian was born in 1925 in Beni Boukhlef, within the Ait Ouriaghel tribe in the Rif region in northern Morocco. He studied at the University of al-Qarawiyyin in Fez and graduated from it. At the beginning of the fifties, he was sent to teach in Karia Ba Mohamed, where he remained four years, before moving to Tangier and Tétouan to pursue his teaching career. In parallel with his work, he was politically active as a member of the Moroccan Army of Liberation and the Democratic Independence Party. He was from the Ait Bu 'Ayyash khoms of the Ait Ouriaghel and under the Spanish protectorate was a sub-fractional ''mqaddim''. However, he lost his job unde ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
