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Richard G. Hovannisian
Richard Gable Hovannisian (, November 9, 1932 – July 10, 2023) was an American historian and professor at the University of California, Los Angeles. He is known mainly for his four-volume history of the First Republic of Armenia, and for his advocacy of Armenian Genocide recognition. Biography Background Hovannisian was born and raised in Tulare, California, into a family of Armenian genocide survivors. His father, Kaspar Gavroian, was born in 1901 in the village of Bazmashen (Pazmashen; now Sarıçubuk, Elâzığ), near Kharpert in the Ottoman Empire. Surviving the Genocide of 1915, he moved to the United States by 1920 and changed his last name from Gavroian to Hovannisian, after his father's name, Hovhannes. In 1927, Kaspar married Siroon (Sarah) Nalbandian, born in Kesserig, Kharpert. Their oldest sons were born in 1928 (John) and 1930 (Ralph). Richard G. Hovannisian was born on November 9, 1932. His younger brother, Vernon Hovannisian was born in 1947. Education and care ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
2013 Armenian Protests
Various political and civil groups staged anti-government protests in Armenia in 2013. The first series of protests were held following the Armenian presidential election, 2013, 2013 presidential election and were led by the former presidential candidate Raffi Hovannisian. Hovannisian, who, according to official results, lost to incumbent Serzh Sargsyan, denounced the results claiming they were rigged. Starting on 19 February, Hovannisian and his supporters held mass rallies in Yerevan's Freedom Square, Yerevan, Freedom Square and other cities. On 10 March, Hovannisian started a hunger strike, calling elected President Sargsyan to resign before 9 April, the inauguration day. Hovannisian called "for the solution of this unprecedented pan-national fundamental issue before April 9." During an interview on 18 March 2013, Sargsyan said he would not visit Hovannisian and described his claims as "arrogant phrases seasoned with obscenities". Sargsyan was inaugurated on 9 April 2013, while ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Leopold Von Ranke
Leopold von Ranke (21 December 1795 – 23 May 1886) was a German historian and a founder of modern source-based history. He was able to implement the seminar teaching method in his classroom and focused on archival research and the analysis of historical documents. Building on the methods of the Göttingen school of history, he was the first to establish a historical seminar. Ranke set the standards for much of later historical writing, introducing such ideas as reliance on primary sources (empiricism), an emphasis on narrative history and especially international politics ('' Außenpolitik''). He was ennobled in 1865, with the addition of a " von" to his name. Ranke also had a great influence on Western historiography and is considered a symbol of the quality of 19th century German historical studies. Ranke, influenced by Barthold Georg Niebuhr, was very talented in constructing narratives without exceeding the limits of historical evidence. His critics have noted the influe ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty
Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty (RFE/RL) is a media organization broadcasting news and analyses in 27 languages to 23 countries across Eastern Europe, Central Asia, the Caucasus, and the Middle East. Headquartered in Prague since 1995, RFE/RL operates 21 local bureaus with over 500 core staff, 1,300 freelancers, and 680 employees. Nicola Careem serves as the editor-in-chief. Founded during the Cold War, RFE began in 1949 targeting Soviet empire, Soviet satellite states, while RL, established in 1951, focused on the Soviet Union. Initially funded covertly by the Central Intelligence Agency, CIA until 1972, the two merged in 1976. RFE/RL was headquartered in Munich from 1949 to 1995, with additional broadcasts from Portugal's Glória do Ribatejo until 1996. Soviet authorities jammed their signals, and Second World, communist regimes often infiltrated their operations. Today, RFE/RL is a private 501(c)(3) corporation supervised by the United States Agency for Global Media, which ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Failed State
A failed state is a state that has lost its ability to fulfill fundamental security and development functions, lacking effective control over its territory and borders. Common characteristics of a failed state include a government incapable of tax collection, law enforcement, security assurance, territorial control, political or civil office staffing, and infrastructure maintenance. When this happens, widespread corruption and criminality, the intervention of state and non-state actors, the appearance of refugees and the involuntary movement of populations, sharp economic decline, and military intervention from both within and outside the state are much more likely to occur. Originating in the 1990s, the term was initially applied to characterize the situation in Somalia. The country descended into disorder following a coup that ousted its dictator, Siad Barre, in 1991, leading to internal conflicts among the country's clans. In the early 2020s, Afghanistan, the Central African ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Robert Kocharyan
Robert Sedraki Kocharyan ( ; born 31 August 1954) is an Armenian politician. He served as the President of the Nagorno-Karabakh Republic from 1994 to 1997 and Prime Minister of Nagorno-Karabakh from 1992 to 1994. He served as the second President of Armenia between 1998 and 2008 and as Prime Minister of Armenia from 1997 to 1998. Kocharyan was elected president of Armenia twice, in 1998 and 2003; both presidential elections were held in two rounds. During most of his presidency, between 2001 and 2007, Armenia's economy grew on average by 12% annually, largely due to a construction boom. While Kocharyan's supporters credit him with securing Armenia's economic growth during his presidency, his critics accuse him of promoting corruption and the creation of an oligarchic system of government in Armenia. On 26 July 2018 Kocharyan was charged in connection with the crackdown on the 2008 Armenian presidential election protests in the final weeks of his presidency, which resulted in the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Raffi Hovannisian
Raffi K. Richardi Hovannisian (; ; born 20 November 1959) is an Armenian politician, the first Foreign Minister of Armenia and the founding leader of the national liberal Heritage party. He is the founder of the Armenian Center for National and International Studies, the country's first independent research center. Hovannisian, a descendant of Armenian genocide survivors, was born in Fresno, California to a family of professors. He moved to Armenia with his family in 1990 and was appointed as the first Minister of Foreign Affairs of the newly independent Armenia by then-President Levon Ter-Petrosyan. In 2002, Hovannisian founded the Heritage party, which won 6% of the popular vote in the 2007 parliamentary election. In 2013, Hovannisian was one of the seven candidates at the presidential election and came in second with 37% vote. He claimed victory due to alleged electoral fraud. In days following the election, protests took place both in Yerevan ( Freedom Square in particu ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Holy Trinity Church, Fresno
Holy Trinity Church (, ''Freznoyi Surp Yerortutiun yegeghetsi'') is an Armenian Apostolic church in Fresno, California. Completed in 1914, it is one of the earliest Armenian churches in America and the first to incorporate traditional Armenian architecture. History Background The first Armenians settled in Fresno in the early 1870s. The first joint Armenian Apostolic and Protestant service was held in 1883 at the First Congregational Church of Fresno. Subsequently, joint Armenian rite services were held in a rented church by Father Aharon Melkonian. By 1899, the membership of the parish reached 150 and a general meeting decided to build a separate church. On April 1, 1900, the Holy Trinity Church was established at the corner of F and Monterey Streets. The construction of the church, a simple wooden structure, was completed in six months and consecration took place on October 1, 1900. It was officiated by Bishop Hovsep Sarajian. It was the second Armenian church to be built in A ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Armenian National Committee Of America
The Armenian National Committee of America (ANCA) () is an Armenian American grassroots organization. Its headquarters is in Washington, D.C., and it has regional offices in Glendale, California, and Watertown, Massachusetts. History The ANCA was founded as ACIA in 1918 and was then founded as the ANCA in 1941. The ANCA is an outgrowth of the American Committee for the Independence of Armenia (ACIA) which was founded after World War I by Vahan Cardashian, the former Consul of the Ottoman Empire in Washington. Many prominent American and Allied leaders including James W. Gerard, the U.S. Ambassador to Germany, Senator Henry Cabot Lodge, Charles Evans Hughes (later appointed Chief Justice of the U.S. Supreme Court), Elihu Root and others participated to this organization. The goal of ACIA was the independent Wilsonian Armenia. The ACIA had a Central Office in New York City and 23 regional offices in 13 states. Later, these offices gradually evolved into the Armenian National ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Asbarez
''Asbarez'' ( "Arena") is an Armenian-American bilingual daily newspaper published in Armenian and English in Los Angeles, California. It was the official newspaper Armenian Revolutionary Federation newspaper for the Western United States until a 2020 schism in the Central Committee of the Armenian Revolutionary Federation in the Western United States. History Fresno In 1907, several Fresno, California residents — Aslan Aslanian, Bedros Hagopian, Levon Hagopian, Hovaness Kabadayan, Abraham Seklemian, Arpaxat Setrakian and Avedis Tufenkjian — "were in unanimous agreement that such a newspaper was absolutely necessary to serve the needs of the growing immigrant community of California." After much debate, the name ''Asbarez'' ("Arena" in Armenian) was selected, and the newspaper began publication in 1908. An editorial in the first issue stated that "The school, the Church, community organizations all have their role in satisfying the national, spiritual and social needs ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Armenian National Institute
The Armenian National Institute (ANI) is a Washington, D.C.–based organization dedicated to the research and documentation of the Armenian genocide. It was founded in 1997 by the Armenian Assembly of America to bring more awareness to the Armenian genocide. The abbreviation of the Institute, ANI, is the name of the medieval capital of Armenia. Background The ANI works to educate the public about the Armenian genocide through various means, including the creation and dissemination of educational materials, the organization of exhibitions and events, and the publication of research and analysis on the topic. In addition to its work on the Armenian genocide, the ANI is also involved in the documentation and study of other instances of genocide, including the Holocaust, the Cambodian genocide, and the Rwandan Genocide. The organization's aim is to use these studies to promote a deeper understanding of the nature of genocide and to work towards its prevention in the future. Overall ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Research On Armenian Architecture
Research on Armenian Architecture (RAA) () is a non-governmental organization established in Aachen, Germany, in 1969 by Dr. Armen Hakhnazarian and was registered as a non-profit public organization in 1982. In 1996, RAA USA was founded, followed by RAA Armenia in 1998. Until his death in 2020, Samvel Karapetian was the director of RAA Armenia. Jora Manucharian is currently the chairman of the board of trustees of the foundation, and RAA Armenia is governed by a board of directors: Emma Abrahamian (Samvel's wife), managing director; Raffi Kortoshian, co-director of administration and publications; Ashot Hakobyan, co-director of architectural activities; Armen Gevorgyan, co-director of computers and technology. The RAA maintains its headquarters in Yerevan, while RAA USA is based in Los Angeles. Activities Research on Armenian Architecture investigates and documents Armenian monuments located outside the borders of present-day Armenia, namely in historical Armenia (the Armeni ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
International Alert
International Alert is a global peacebuilding charity established in 1986. It aims to promote dialogue, training, research, policy analysis, advocacy, and outreach activities. The organization addresses the root causes of conflict by working with over 800 partner organizations on projects that advance conflict resolution and support human rights. International Alert operates in Europe, Africa, Asia, the Middle East, Colombia, the Caucasus, and Ukraine. International Alert GB is headquartered in Oval, in the London Borough of Lambeth, with another office in The Hague, Europe. In the 2019/20 financial year, International Alert GB had a total income of £17.6 million. During this period, the organization employed 300 people across nineteen countries and utilized the services of 23,000 volunteers. Michael Young served as the chief executive officer from September 2019 until February 2021, when Nic Hailey succeeded him as executive director. The chairperson of Alert's board of ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
