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Rice Diseases
This article is a list of diseases of rice (''Oryza sativa''). Diseases have historically been one of the major causes of rice shortages. Bacterial diseases Fungal diseases Viruses *'' Rice black-streaked dwarf virus'' *'' Rice bunchy stunt virus'' *'' Rice dwarf virus'' *'' Rice gall dwarf virus'' *'' Rice giallume virus'' *'' Rice grassy stunt virus'' *'' Rice hoja blanca tenuivirus'' *'' Rice necrosis mosaic virus'' *'' Rice ragged stunt virus'' *'' Rice stripe necrosis virus'' *'' Rice stripe tenuivirus'' *'' Rice transitory yellowing virus'' *''Rice tungro bacilliform virus'' - see Tungro below *''Rice tungro spherical virus'' - see Tungro below *''Rice yellow mottle virus'' Miscellaneous diseases and disorders See also * :Insect pests of rice * List of rice varieties References {{reflist, 30em, refs= {{cite web , title=bacterial leaf blight of rice, ''Xanthomonas oryzae'' pv. ''oryzae'' Xanthomonadales: Xanthomonadaceae , website= Invasive.Org ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Rice
Rice is a cereal grain and in its Domestication, domesticated form is the staple food of over half of the world's population, particularly in Asia and Africa. Rice is the seed of the grass species ''Oryza sativa'' (Asian rice)—or, much less commonly, ''Oryza glaberrima'' (African rice). Asian rice was domesticated in China some 13,500 to 8,200 years ago; African rice was domesticated in Africa about 3,000 years ago. Rice has become commonplace in many cultures worldwide; in 2023, 800 million tons were produced, placing it third after sugarcane and maize. Only some 8% of rice is traded internationally. China, India, and Indonesia are the largest consumers of rice. A substantial amount of the rice produced in developing nations is lost after harvest through factors such as poor transport and storage. Rice yields can be reduced by pests including insects, rodents, and birds, as well as by weeds, and by List of rice diseases, diseases such as rice blast. Traditional rice polyc ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Tilletia Barclayana
Tilletia barclayana is a plant pathogen that infects rice, signalgrass, pearl millet, and crabgrass. The pathogen corrupts the crops it infects, causing black busts to appear on the crops, which then become discolored and smutted. History Tilletia barclayana can live up to 2 years or more while in a host, and is found largely worldwide. Although the origin of the pathogen is unknown, it was first reported in the 1980s. Impact Tilletia barclayana spreads between nearby plants, leading to an increased loss. Due to this impact scientists are attempting to make these crops more resistant to the pathogen. As of now, the main method of controlling the pathogen is by pulling the infected crops directly from the ground. Control Out of salicylic acid and plant extracts of '' Ammi visnaga'', ''Glycyrrhiza glabra'', '' Artemisia judaica'', '' Mentha viridis'', ''Syzygium aromaticum'' and ''Eucalyptus globulus ''Eucalyptus globulus'', commonly known as southern blue gum or ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
International Rice Research Institute
The International Rice Research Institute (IRRI) is an international agricultural research and training organization with its headquarters in Los Baños, Laguna, in the Philippines, and offices in seventeen countries. IRRI is known for its work in developing rice varieties that contributed to the Green Revolution in the 1960s which preempted the famine in Asia. The institute, established in 1960 aims to reduce poverty and hunger, improve the health of rice farmers and consumers, and ensure environmental sustainability of rice farming. It advances its mission through collaborative research, partnerships, and the strengthening of the national agricultural research and extension systems of the countries IRRI works in. IRRI is one of 15 agricultural research centers in the world that form the CGIAR Consortium of International Agricultural Research Centers, a global partnership of organizations engaged in research on food security. It is also the largest non-profit agricultural ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
CGIAR
CGIAR (formerly the Consultative Group for International Agricultural Research) is a global partnership that unites international organizations engaged in research about food security. CGIAR research aims to reduce rural poverty, increase food security, improve human health and nutrition, and sustainable management of natural resources. CGIAR research is carried out at 15 centers that collaborate with partners from national and regional research institutes, civil society organizations, academia, development organizations, and the private sector. These research centers are around the globe, with most in the Global South and Center of origin, Vavilov Centers of agricultural crop genetic diversity. CGIAR has an annual research portfolio of just over US$900 million with more than 9,000 staff working in 89 countries. Funding is provided by national governments, multilateral funding and development agencies and leading private foundations. Representatives of CGIAR Funders and develo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Rice Today
The International Rice Research Institute (IRRI) is an international agricultural research and training organization with its headquarters in Los Baños, Laguna, in the Philippines, and offices in seventeen countries. IRRI is known for its work in developing rice varieties that contributed to the Green Revolution in the 1960s which preempted the famine in Asia. The institute, established in 1960 aims to reduce poverty and hunger, improve the health of rice farmers and consumers, and ensure environmental sustainability of rice farming. It advances its mission through collaborative research, partnerships, and the strengthening of the national agricultural research and extension systems of the countries IRRI works in. IRRI is one of 15 agricultural research centers in the world that form the CGIAR Consortium of International Agricultural Research Centers, a global partnership of organizations engaged in research on food security. It is also the largest non-profit agricultural res ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Rust (fungus)
Rusts are fungal plant pathogens of the order Pucciniales (previously known as Uredinales) causing plant fungal diseases. An estimated 168 rust genera and approximately 7,000 species, more than half of which belong to the genus ''Puccinia'', are currently accepted. Rust fungi are highly specialized plant pathogens with several unique features. Taken as a group, rust fungi are diverse and affect many kinds of plants. However, each species has a range of hosts and cannot be transmitted to non-host plants. In addition, most rust fungi cannot be microbial culture, grown easily in pure culture. Most species of rust fungi are able to Heteroecious, infect two different plant hosts in different stages of their life cycle, and may produce up to five Morphology (biology), morphologically and cytologically distinct spore-producing structures viz., spermogonia, aecia, uredinium, uredinia, Telium, telia, and basidia in successive stages of reproduction. Each spore type is very host-specific ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pythium Spinosum
''Pythium spinosum'' is a plant pathogen infecting a wide variety of crops. Hosts observed to be infected include rice in Taiwan, '' Primula'', ''Impatiens'', soil in Florida, ''Cucumis melo'' in South Korea (as damping off), and soybeans in Arkansas USA, China, and Indiana Indiana ( ) is a U.S. state, state in the Midwestern United States, Midwestern region of the United States. It borders Lake Michigan to the northwest, Michigan to the north and northeast, Ohio to the east, the Ohio River and Kentucky to the s ... USA. References External links Index Fungorum* Water mould plant pathogens and diseases Rice diseases Ornamental plant pathogens and diseases spinosum Oomycete species Protists described in 1926 {{plant-disease-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pythium Dissotocum
''Pythium dissotocum'' is a plant pathogen infecting strawberry and rice. Disease cycle ''Pythium dissotocum'' is a polycyclic oomycete root rot capable of both sexual and asexual reproduction. In its mid-season asexual phase, ''P. dissotocum'' disperses by forming filamentous sporangia, which produce vesicles housing 10-75 motile zoospores. Vesicles open, releasing zoospores which contact host roots, encyst, and produce a germ tube which infects the host root, and begins formation of mycelium. In sexual reproduction, if multiple mating types are present, hyphal antheridium can contact each other and undergo plasmogamy, merging their membranes near the end of growing season. After several steps of differentiation and meiosis, an oospore, the primary survival structure, is formed. These thick-walled oospores can remain dormant for many months, and will eventually germinate through two methods. A sporangium can be produced, which generates a cyst and releases zoospores, or ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pythium
''Pythium'' is a genus of parasitic oomycetes. They were formerly classified as fungi. Most species are plant parasites, but '' Pythium insidiosum'' is an important pathogen of animals, causing pythiosis. The feet of the fungus gnat are frequently a vector for their transmission. Morphology ;Hyphae: ''Pythium'' species, like others in the family Pythiaceae, are usually characterized by their production of coenocytic hyphae without septations. ;Oogonia: Generally contain a single oospore. ;Antheridia: Contain an elongated and club-shaped antheridium. Ecological importance ''Pythium''-induced root rot is a common crop disease. When the organism kills newly emerged or emerging seedlings, it is known as damping off, and is a very common problem in fields and greenhouses. Thus there is tremendous interest in genetic host resistance, but no crop has ever developed adequate resistance to ''Pythium''. This disease complex usually involves other pathogens such as '' Phytopht ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sarocladium Oryzae
''Sarocladium oryzae'' (Sawada) is a plant pathogen causing the of rice and of Bambusoideae spp. in Asia. Taxonomy and morphology ''Sarocladium oryzae'' has conidiophores which are irregularly penicillate and slimy, 1-celled conidia. It was previously known as ''Acrocylindrium oryzae''. For forty years prior to 2005, the industrial strain used to manufacture the antibiotic cerulenin was known under the invalidly published name "'' Cephalosporium caerulens''", but a subculture of the original ''C. caerulens'' strain KF-140 was subsequently shown to be conspecific with ''S. oryzae''. Physiology and metabolites In axenic culture, ''S. oryzae'' produces 0.3–0.627 micrograms of helvolic acid and 0.9–4.8 micrograms of cerulenin per milliliter of culture medium. : : : : :These reviews cite this research. : : The level of helvolic acid correlated with a higher incidence of sheath rot disease. Rice grains from infected plants were found to contain 2.2 microg ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Fusarium
''Fusarium'' (; ) is a large genus of filamentous fungi, part of a group often referred to as hyphomycetes, widely distributed in soil and associated with plants. Most species are harmless saprobes, and are relatively abundant members of the soil microbial community. Some species produce mycotoxins in cereal crops that can affect human and animal health if they enter the food chain. The main toxins produced by these ''Fusarium'' species are fumonisins and trichothecenes. Despite most species apparently being harmless (some existing on the skin as commensal members of the skin flora), some ''Fusarium'' species and subspecific groups are among the most important fungal pathogens of plants and animals. The name of ''Fusarium'' comes from Latin ''fusus'', meaning a spindle. Taxonomy The taxonomy of the genus is complex. A number of different schemes have been used, and up to 1,000 species have been identified at times, with approaches varying between wide and narrow concep ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Curvularia
''Curvularia'' is a genus of Hyphomycetes, hyphomycete (Mold (fungus), mold) fungus, fungi which can be pathogens but also act as beneficial partners of many plant species. They are common in soil. Most ''Curvularia'' species are found in tropical regions, though a few are found in temperate zones. ''Curvularia'' is defined by the Type (biology), type species ''C. lunata'' (Wakker) Boedijn. ''Curvularia lunata'' appears as shiny velvety-black, fluffy growth (on the fungus colony surface). These fluffy 'hairs', which really are branching, fine filamentous structures called Hypha, hyphae, are divided inside by cell walls named Septum, septae (-> the hyphae are 'septate'). The walls of these hyphae contain dark pigments, which makes for their black appearance and which is called Black yeast, 'dematiaceous'. The hyphae produce brown spore bearing organs, 'conidiophores', which are distinguished by their 'geniculate'shape, meaning they have bends of abrupt kneelike angles. The immo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
