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Retroviridae
A retrovirus is a type of virus that inserts a DNA copy of its RNA genome into the DNA of a host cell that it invades, thus changing the genome of that cell. After invading a host cell's cytoplasm, the virus uses its own reverse transcriptase enzyme to produce DNA from its RNA genome, the reverse of the usual pattern, thus ''retro'' (backward). The new DNA is then incorporated into the host cell genome by an integrase enzyme, at which point the retroviral DNA is referred to as a provirus. The host cell then treats the viral DNA as part of its own genome, transcribing and translating the viral genes along with the cell's own genes, producing the proteins required to assemble new copies of the virus. Many retroviruses cause serious diseases in humans, other mammals, and birds. Retroviruses have many subfamilies in three basic groups. * Oncoretroviruses (cancer-causing retroviruses) include human T-lymphotropic virus (HTLV) causing a type of leukemia in humans, and murine le ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Orthoretrovirinae
''Orthoretrovirinae'' is a subfamily of viruses belonging to ''Retroviridae'', a family of enveloped viruses that replicate in a host cell through the process of reverse transcription. The subfamily currently includes six genera, of which ''Lentivirus'' contains the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). These viruses cause a variety of tumors, malignancies and immune deficiency disease in humans, other mammals and birds. A few, like Simian immunodeficiency virus Simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) is a species of retrovirus that cause persistent infections in at least 45 species of non-human primates. Based on analysis of strains found in four species of monkeys from Bioko Island, which was isolated fr ... (SIV), apparently cause no disease in their natural hosts. References Retroviridae Virus subfamilies {{virus-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Gammaretrovirus
''Gammaretrovirus'' is a genus in the ''Retroviridae'' family. Example species are the murine leukemia virus and the feline leukemia virus. They cause various sarcomas, leukemias and immune deficiencies in mammals, reptiles and birds. Introduction Many endogenous retroviruses, closely related to exogenous gammaretroviruses, are present in the DNA of mammals (including humans), birds, reptiles and amphibians. Many also share a conserved RNA structural element called a core encapsidation signal. The avian reticuloendotheliosis viruses are not strictly avian viruses—it appears that reticuloendotheliosis viruses are mammalian viruses that were accidentally introduced into birds in the 1930s during research on malaria. As a potential vector for gene therapy, gammaretroviruses have some advantages over HIV as a lentiviral vector. Specifically, the gammaretroviral packaging system does not require the incorporation of any sequences overlapping with coding sequences of gag, pol ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
AIDS
The HIV, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a retrovirus that attacks the immune system. Without treatment, it can lead to a spectrum of conditions including acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). It is a Preventive healthcare, preventable disease. It can be managed with treatment and become a manageable chronic health condition. While there is no cure or vaccine for HIV, Management of HIV/AIDS, antiretroviral treatment can slow the course of the disease, and if used before significant disease progression, can extend the life expectancy of someone living with HIV to a nearly standard level. An HIV-positive person on treatment can expect to live a normal life, and die with the virus, not of it. Effective #Treatment, treatment for HIV-positive people (people living with HIV) involves a life-long regimen of medicine to suppress the virus, making the viral load undetectable. Treatment is recommended as soon as the diagnosis is made. An HIV-positive person who has an ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Betaretrovirus
''Betaretrovirus'' is a genus of viruses in the Family (biology), family ''Retroviridae''. Example of viruses in the genus include: Mouse mammary tumor virus, enzootic nasal tumor virus (ENTV-1, ENTV-2), and simian retrovirus types 1, 2 and 3 (SRV-1, SRV-2, SRV-3). Taxonomy The genus contains the following species, listed by scientific name and followed by the exemplar virus of the species: * ''Betaretrovirus lan'', Langur virus * ''Betaretrovirus maspfimon'', Mason-Pfizer monkey virus * ''Betaretrovirus murmamtum'', Mouse mammary tumor virus * ''Betaretrovirus ovijaa'', Jaagsiekte sheep retrovirus * ''Betaretrovirus squmon'', Squirrel monkey retrovirus References External links Viralzone: Betaretrovirus Betaretroviruses Virus genera {{Virus-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Deltaretrovirus
''Deltaretrovirus'' is a genus of the ''Retroviridae'' family. It consists of exogenous horizontally transmitted viruses found in several groups of mammals. The genus contains Bovine leukemia virus and three species of primate T-lymphotropic virus. The genus of viruses is known for its propensity to target immune cells and oncogenicity, evident in the names of the four named species. Infection is usually asymptomatic, but inflammation and cancer can develop over time. Classification The genus contains the following species, listed by scientific name and followed by the exemplar virus of the species: * ''Deltaretrovirus bovleu'', Bovine leukemia virus * ''Deltaretrovirus priTlym1'', Primate T-lymphotropic virus 1 * ''Deltaretrovirus priTlym2'', Primate T-lymphotropic virus 2 * ''Deltaretrovirus priTlym3'', Primate T-lymphotropic virus 3 Two additional PTLVs are known but not recognized: HTLV-4 ( South Cameroon, 2005) and STLV-5 (Mac B43 strain, highly divergent PTLV-1). ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Epsilonretrovirus
''Epsilonretrovirus'' is a genus of viruses in the family ''Retroviridae A retrovirus is a type of virus that inserts a DNA copy of its RNA genome into the DNA of a host cell that it invades, thus changing the genome of that cell. After invading a host cell's cytoplasm, the virus uses its own reverse transcriptase ...''. Taxonomy The genus contains the following species, listed by scientific name and followed by the exemplar virus of the species: * ''Epsilonretrovirus waldersar'', Walleye dermal sarcoma virus * ''Epsilonretrovirus walepihyp1'', Walleye epidermal hyperplasia virus 1 * ''Epsilonretrovirus walepihyp2'', Walleye epidermal hyperplasia virus 2 References External links * Epsilonretroviruses Virus genera {{Virus-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Lentivirus
''Lentivirus'' is a genus of retroviruses that cause chronic and deadly diseases characterized by long incubation periods, in humans and other mammalian species. The genus includes the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), which causes AIDS. Lentiviruses are distributed worldwide, and are known to be hosted in apes, cows, goats, horses, cats, and sheep as well as several other mammals. Lentiviruses can integrate a significant amount of viral complementary DNA into the DNA of the host cell and can efficiently infect nondividing cells, so they are one of the most efficient methods of gene delivery. They can become endogenous, integrating their genome into the host germline genome, so that the virus is henceforth inherited by the host's descendants. Classification Five serogroups of lentiviruses are recognized, reflecting the vertebrate hosts with which they are associated (primates, sheep and goats, horses, domestic cats, and cattle). The primate lentiviruses are distinguished ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Alpharetrovirus
''Alpharetrovirus'' is a genus of viruses in the family ''Retroviridae A retrovirus is a type of virus that inserts a DNA copy of its RNA genome into the DNA of a host cell that it invades, thus changing the genome of that cell. After invading a host cell's cytoplasm, the virus uses its own reverse transcriptase ...''. The genus contains nine species. Taxonomy The genus contains the following species, listed by scientific name and followed by the exemplar virus of the species: * ''Alpharetrovirus avicarmilhil2'', Avian carcinoma Mill Hill virus 2 * ''Alpharetrovirus avifujsar'', Fujinami sarcoma virus * ''Alpharetrovirus avileu'', Avian leukosis virus * ''Alpharetrovirus avimyebla'', Avian myeloblastosis virus * ''Alpharetrovirus avimyecyt29'', Avian myelocytomatosis virus 29 * ''Alpharetrovirus avirousar'', Rous sarcoma virus * ''Alpharetrovirus avisar10'', Avian sarcoma virus CT10 * ''Alpharetrovirus aviUR2sar'', UR2 sarcoma virus * ''Alpharetrovirus aviY73sar'', ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Virus
A virus is a submicroscopic infectious agent that replicates only inside the living Cell (biology), cells of an organism. Viruses infect all life forms, from animals and plants to microorganisms, including bacteria and archaea. Viruses are found in almost every ecosystem on Earth and are the most numerous type of biological entity. Since Dmitri Ivanovsky's 1892 article describing a non-bacterial pathogen infecting tobacco plants and the discovery of the tobacco mosaic virus by Martinus Beijerinck in 1898, more than 16,000 of the millions of List of virus species, virus species have been described in detail. The study of viruses is known as virology, a subspeciality of microbiology. When infected, a host cell is often forced to rapidly produce thousands of copies of the original virus. When not inside an infected cell or in the process of infecting a cell, viruses exist in the form of independent viral particles, or ''virions'', consisting of (i) genetic material, i.e., long ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Virion
A virion (plural, ''viria'' or ''virions'') is an inert virus particle capable of invading a Cell (biology), cell. Upon entering the cell, the virion disassembles and the genetic material from the virus takes control of the cell infrastructure, thus enabling the virus to Replication (virus), replicate. The genetic material (''Viral core, core'', either DNA or RNA, along with occasionally present virus core protein) inside the virion is usually enclosed in a protection shell, known as the capsid. While the terms "virus" and "virion" are occasionally confused, recently "virion" is used solely to describe the virus structure outside of cells, while the terms "virus/viral" are broader and also include biological properties such as the infectivity of a virion. Components A virion consists of one or more nucleic acid genome molecules (single-stranded or double-stranded RNA or DNA) and coatings (a capsid and possibly a viral envelope). The virion may contain other proteins (for examp ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Spumaretrovirinae
''Spumaretrovirinae'', commonly called spumaviruses (, Latin for "foam") or foamyviruses, is a subfamily of the ''Retroviridae'' family. ICTVMaster Species List 2018a v1MSL including all taxa updates since the 2017 release. Fall 2018 (MSL #33) Spumaviruses are exogenous viruses that have specific morphology with prominent surface spikes. The virions contain significant amounts of double-stranded full-length DNA, and assembly is rather unusual in these viruses. Spumaviruses are unlike most enveloped viruses in that the envelope membrane is acquired by budding through the endoplasmic reticulum instead of the cytoplasmic membrane. Some spumaviruses, including the equine foamy virus (EFV), bud from the cytoplasmic membrane. Some examples of these viruses are simian foamy virus and the human foamy virus Humans (''Homo sapiens'') or modern humans are the most common and widespread species of primate, and the last surviving species of the genus ''Homo''. They are Hominidae, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
