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Restitutions Committee (Netherlands)
The Dutch Restitutions Committee () was established in 2001 to deal with claims for the restitution of Nazi-era looted works of art to their original owners or their descendants. The rulings of the committee have been controversial with some restitution advocates arguing that they are unfair to claimants. Criticisms Of the five international Restitution Committees that exist (UK, France, Austria & Germany) the Dutch Restitution Committee has the lowest restitution rate, returning only about one third of the artworks claimed. Recently the Restitution Committee introduced the controversial Balance of Interest test, which takes into consideration the desire of the (typically government owned) museum to keep a looted artwork, rather than return it to the rightful claimants. This resulted in the Committee's refusal to restitute a number of important artworks and led to international criticism at what many viewed as a self-serving mechanism. Ambassador Stuart Eizenstat, the author ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Restitution
Restitution and unjust enrichment is the field of law relating to gains-based recovery. In contrast with damages (the law of compensation), restitution is a claim or remedy requiring a defendant to give up benefits wrongfully obtained. Liability for restitution is primarily governed by the "principle of unjust enrichment": A person who has been unjustly enriched at the expense of another is required to make restitution. This principle derives from late Roman law, as stated in the Latin maxim attributed to Sextus Pomponius, ''Jure naturae aequum est neminem cum alterius detrimentum et injuria fieri locupletiorem'' ("By natural law it is just that no one should be enriched by another's loss or injury"). In civil law systems, it is also referred to as enrichment without cause or unjustified enrichment. In pre-modern English common law, restitutionary claims were often brought in an action for '' assumpsit'' and later in a claim for money had and received. The seminal case giving ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Nazi Art Theft
Nazi plunder () was organized stealing of art and other items which occurred as a result of the Art theft and looting during World War II, organized looting of European countries during the time of the Nazi Party in Nazi Germany, Germany. Jewish property was looted beginning in 1933 in Germany and was a key part of the Holocaust. Nazis also plundered occupied countries, sometimes with direct seizures, and sometimes under the guise of protecting art through Kunstschutz units. In addition to gold, silver, and currency, cultural items of great significance were stolen, including paintings, ceramics, books, and religious treasures. Many of the artworks looted by the Nazis were recovered by the Allies of World War II, Allies' Monuments, Fine Arts, and Archives program (MFAA, also known as the Monuments Men and Women), following the war; however many of them are still missing or were returned to countries but not to their original owners. An international effort to identify Nazi plu ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Stuart Eizenstat
Stuart Elliott Eizenstat (born January 15, 1943) is an American diplomat and attorney. He served as the United States Ambassador to the European Union from 1993 to 1996 and as the United States Deputy Secretary of the Treasury from 1999 to 2001. For many years, and currently (as of 2025) he has served as a partner and Senior Counsel at the Washington, D.C.–based law firm Covington & Burling and as a senior strategist at APCO Worldwide. Biography Early life Stuart E. Eizenstat was born on January 15, 1943, in Chicago and raised in Atlanta; he was an all-city and honorable-mention All-America basketball player in high school. He earned an A.B. ''cum laude'' and Phi Beta Kappa, in political science from the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill where he was a brother of the Alpha Pi chapter of Zeta Beta Tau fraternity. He received his Juris Doctor degree from Harvard Law School in 1967. Eizenstat attended Blue Star Camps in Hendersonville, North Carolina, as a youth. Caree ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Willibrord Davids
Willibrord Jacob Maria Davids (17 October 1938 – 11 February 2024) was a Dutch jurist. He served as President of the Supreme Court from 2004 to 2008. Davids died in The Hague The Hague ( ) is the capital city of the South Holland province of the Netherlands. With a population of over half a million, it is the third-largest city in the Netherlands. Situated on the west coast facing the North Sea, The Hague is the c ... on 11 February 2024, at the age of 85. References {{DEFAULTSORT:Davids, Willibrord 1938 births 2024 deaths Dutch jurists Presidents of the Supreme Court of the Netherlands Vice presidents of the Supreme Court of the Netherlands Supreme Court of the Netherlands justices Lawyers from Rotterdam ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Nederlands Kunstbezit-collectie
The Netherlands Art Property Collection (NK collection) is an art collection of recovered works of art that accrued to the Dutch state after World War II. This concerns works of art that were looted by the Nazi regime in the Netherlands or were purchased under duress or otherwise. The collection is managed by the Cultural Heritage Agency and is part of the national collection. The works may be on loan from Dutch museums or government buildings, and some are also stored in depots. History Nazi Germany plundered artworks in every country it controlled from Jewish collectors, museums, libraries and churches. After the defeat of Nazi Germany in World War II, the Allied Monuments Men located the stolen artworks and returned them to the governments of the countries where they had been stolen, with the understanding that the governments would then restitute them to their original owners. In many cases, however, the receiving countries kept the artworks and did not restitute them. Nazi-l ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
List Of Claims For Restitution For Nazi-looted Art
The list of restitution claims for art Nazi plunder, looted by the Nazis or as a result of Nazi persecution is organized by the country in which the paintings were located when the return was requested. Australia and New Zealand Croatia Sweden Austria Belgium Germany Canada The Netherlands Spain United States France Great Britain Hungary Ireland Israel Italy Japan Liechtenstein Czech Republic Switzerland Poland Links to Restitution Reports from National Committees Reports Austria (Provenance Research and Restitution in the Austrian Federal Collections [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Arthur Seyss-Inquart
Arthur Seyss-Inquart (; ; 22 July 1892 16 October 1946) was an Austrian Nazi politician who served as Chancellor of Austria in 1938 for two days before the ''Anschluss''. His positions in Nazi Germany included deputy governor to Hans Frank in the General Government of Occupied Poland, and '' Reichskommissar'' for the German-occupied Netherlands. In the latter role, he shared responsibility for the deportation of Dutch Jews and the shooting of hostages. During World War I, Seyss-Inquart fought for the Austro-Hungarian Army with distinction. After the war he became a successful lawyer, and went on to join the governments of Chancellors Engelbert Dollfuss and Kurt Schuschnigg. In 1938, Schuschnigg resigned in the face of a German invasion, and Seyss-Inquart was appointed his successor. The newly installed Nazis proceeded to transfer power to Germany, and Austria subsequently became the German province of Ostmark, with Seyss-Inquart as its governor (''Reichsstatthalter''). D ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Erhard Göpel
Erhard Göpel (born June 3, 1906 in Leipzig, † October 29, 1966 in Munich) was a German art historian and high level Nazi agent who acquired art, including looted art, for Hitler’s Führermuseum. Life and work before 1939 Erhard Göpel (also spelled Goepel) studied art history with Wilhelm Pinder and Theodor Hetzer, who received his doctorate in 1937 with a thesis on "''Anthonis van Dyck, Philipp Le Roy and the copper engravers''". Göpel was also a fan of modern art and, as an art critic, wrote for liberal daily newspapers such as the Vossische Zeitung, Berliner Tageblatt and the Frankfurter Zeitung, articles for the journal ''Kunst und Künstler,'' published by Karl Scheffler. Nazi era When the war broke out, Göpel served as an interpreter for various armed forces staff. From February 1942, Göpel was the representative of the Linz special commission to the Reich Commissioner in the occupied Dutch territories and responsible for the Linz special commission in France and ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Führermuseum
The ''Führermuseum'' or ''Fuhrer-Museum'' (English language, English: Leader's Museum), also referred to as the Linz art gallery, was an unrealized art museum within a cultural complex planned by Adolf Hitler for his hometown, the Austrian city of Linz, near his birthplace of Braunau am Inn, Braunau. Its purpose was to display a selection of the art bought, Nazi plunder, confiscated or stolen by the Nazis from throughout Europe during World War II. The cultural district was to be part of an overall plan to recreate Linz, turning it into a cultural capital of Nazi Germany and one of the greatest art centers of Europe, overshadowing Vienna, for which Hitler had a personal distaste. He wanted to make the city more beautiful than Budapest, so it would be the most beautiful on the Danube River, as well as an industrial powerhouse and a hub of trade; the museum was planned to be one of the greatest in Europe.Spotts (2002), pp. 377–78 The expected completion date for the project wa ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Richard Semmel
Richard Semmel (September 15, 1875 – December 2, 1950) was a German entrepreneur and art collector who was persecuted by the Nazis because of his Jewish heritage. His heirs have filed restitution claims for artworks. Life Richard Semmel was the owner of the textile company Arthur Samulon in Berlin. He was married to Clara Cäcilie, née Brück. They had no children. Semmel began building an art collection in the 1920s and had a large art collection by the early 1930s. Nazi persecution and flight When the Nazis came to power in Germany on January 30, 1933, Semmel was persecuted as a Jew. He fled Germany for the Netherlands in 1933, selling some of his art collection at the Dutch auction house Frederik Muller & Cie. in Amsterdam on 21 November 1933. When Nazi German occupied Holland, he fled again, arriving in New York in 1941. His business, Arthur Samulon, was transferred to a non-Jew (Aryanized) in 1934 and liquidated in 1939. During the German occupation of the Netherland ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
