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René Panthier
René Panthier (18 January 1915 – 10 July 1970) was a French physician and microbiologist who served as a scientist for the Pasteur Institute for thirty two years where was a research assistant (1941), head of laboratory (1944), and head of service (1957). In 1966 he was appointed deputy director, and in 1967 director of the Application Center of the institute. In the years 1938-1944, with Paul Giroud he studied the adaptation of ''Rickettsia prowazekii'', the agent responsible for typhus, by the inoculation of a rabbit by the respiratory route. This research provided the basis for the Durand-Giroud vaccine. During the 1948-1949 influenza epidemic, together with Geneviève Cateigne and Claude Hannoun he isolated the first strains of the influenza virus in France. In 1964, he isolated with Claude Hannoun, Jean Mouchet and Jean-Pierre Eouzan the first strains of the West Nile virus in the Rhône delta of the Camargue in the south of France. He also developed a method for titra ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Montloué
Montloué () is a commune in the Aisne department in Hauts-de-France in northern France. Population See also *Communes of the Aisne department The following is a list of the 796 communes in the French department of Aisne. The communes cooperate in the following intercommunalities (as of 2025):Communes of Aisne Aisne communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia {{Vervins-geo-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Zone Libre
The ''zone libre'' (, ''free zone'') was a partition of the French metropolitan territory during World War II, established at the Second Armistice at Compiègne on 22 June 1940. It lay to the south of the demarcation line and was administered by the French government of Philippe Pétain based in Vichy, in a relatively unrestricted fashion. To the north lay the ''zone occupée'' (" occupied zone"), in which the powers of Vichy France were severely limited. In November 1942, the ''zone libre'' was invaded by the German and Italian armies in Case Anton, as a response to Operation Torch, the Allied landings in North Africa. Thenceforth, the ''zone libre'' and ''zone occupée'' were renamed the ''zone sud'' (southern zone) and ''zone nord'' (northern zone) respectively. From then on both were under German military administration. Origins of the ''zone libre'' On 22 June 1940, after the Battle of France, Wilhelm Keitel, representing Nazi Germany, and Charles Huntziger, represen ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Greek Civil War
The Greek Civil War () took place from 1946 to 1949. The conflict, which erupted shortly after the end of World War II, consisted of a Communism, Communist-led uprising against the established government of the Kingdom of Greece. The rebels declared a people's republic, the Provisional Democratic Government, Provisional Democratic Government of Greece, which was governed by the Communist Party of Greece (KKE) and its military branch, the Democratic Army of Greece (DSE). The rebels were supported by People's Socialist Republic of Albania, Albania and Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, Yugoslavia. With the support of the United Kingdom and the United States, the Greek government forces ultimately prevailed. The war had its roots in divisions within Greece during World War II between the Communist-dominated Left-wing politics, left-wing Greek Resistance, resistance organisation, the National Liberation Front (Greece), EAM-ELAS, and loosely-allied Anti-communism, anti-communis ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Influenza
Influenza, commonly known as the flu, is an infectious disease caused by influenza viruses. Symptoms range from mild to severe and often include fever, runny nose, sore throat, muscle pain, headache, coughing, and fatigue. These symptoms begin one to four (typically two) days after exposure to the virus and last for about two to eight days. Diarrhea and vomiting can occur, particularly in children. Influenza may progress to pneumonia from the virus or a subsequent bacterial infection. Other complications include acute respiratory distress syndrome, meningitis, encephalitis, and worsening of pre-existing health problems such as asthma and cardiovascular disease. There are four types of influenza virus: types A, B, C, and D. Aquatic birds are the primary source of influenza A virus (IAV), which is also widespread in various mammals, including humans and pigs. Influenza B virus (IBV) and influenza C virus (ICV) primarily infect humans, and influenza D virus (IDV) i ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Jean Vieuchange
Jean Joseph Marie Vieuchange (1906–2003) was a French adventurer and medical doctor, best known for preparing for publication the hand-written notebooks of his brother, Michel, describing his discovery of Smara in the Western Sahara in November 1930. Vieuchange was born in 1906 into a comfortable middle-class family in Nevers, France, the youngest of three children. His sister, Germaine, was born in 1901 and his brother, Michel, in 1904. In 1922, the family moved to Paris, where Vieuchange enrolled as a law student at the Sorbonne; finding law tedious he transferred to medicine three years later. During 1929 and 1930, he was involved in the planning his brother's journey to Smara and moved to Essaouira in Morocco in August 1930 with the intention of travelling with him. At the last moment, following advice from Caïd Haddou, a local tribal leader, the brothers decided that Vieuchange would stay behind ready to mount a rescue mission should Michel fall ill, be injured or be ta ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Influenza Vaccine
Influenza vaccines, colloquially known as flu shots or the flu jab, are vaccines that protect against infection by influenza viruses. New versions of the vaccines are developed twice a year, as the influenza virus rapidly changes. While their effectiveness varies from year to year, most provide modest to high protection against influenza. Vaccination against influenza began in the 1930s, with large-scale availability in the United States beginning in 1945. Both the World Health Organization and the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommend yearly vaccination for nearly all people over the age of six months, especially those at high risk, and the influenza vaccine is on the WHO Model List of Essential Medicines, World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines. The European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC) also recommends yearly vaccination of high-risk groups, particularly pregnant women, the elderly, children between six months and ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
René Dujarric De La Rivière
René Dujarric de la Rivière (19 April 1885 – 28 November 1969) was a French microbiologist and hygienist. He studied medicine in Bordeaux and Lyon, then for several years worked as a medical extern at the Hospitals Necker and Ténon in Paris (1905–10). In 1913 he received his medical doctorate, and in 1929, obtained his doctorate in natural sciences. From 1945 to 1958 he was an assistant director of the Pasteur Institute.Repères chronologiques / René Dujarric de la Rivière (1885-1969) Service des Archives de l'Institut Pasteur. In 1918 he demonstrated that was caused by a filterable agent that was in all probability a |
Ho Chi Minh City
Ho Chi Minh City (HCMC) ('','' TP.HCM; ), commonly known as Saigon (; ), is the most populous city in Vietnam with a population of around 14 million in 2025. The city's geography is defined by rivers and canals, of which the largest is Saigon River. As a Municipalities of Vietnam, municipality, Ho Chi Minh City consists of 16 List of urban districts of Vietnam, urban districts, five Huyện, rural districts, and one Municipal city (Vietnam), municipal city (sub-city). As the largest financial centre in Vietnam, Ho Chi Minh City has the largest gross regional domestic product out of all Vietnam provinces and municipalities, contributing around a quarter of the Economy of Vietnam, country's total GDP. Ho Chi Minh City metropolitan area, Ho Chi Minh City's metropolitan area is List of ASEAN country subdivisions by GDP, ASEAN's 5th largest economy, also the biggest outside an ASEAN country capital. The area was initially part of Cambodian states until it became part of the Vietna ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Institut Pasteur In Ho Chi Minh City
The Pasteur Institute in Ho Chi Minh City Ho Chi Minh City (HCMC) ('','' TP.HCM; ), commonly known as Saigon (; ), is the most populous city in Vietnam with a population of around 14 million in 2025. The city's geography is defined by rivers and canals, of which the largest is Saigo ... is a Vietnamese national institute initially created by the French in 1891 under the name Pasteur Institute - Sai Gon, in 1975 renamed the Institute of Epidemiology, and in 1991 given the current name. Research The research in this institute is about dengue fever, diarrheal diseases, HIV, leptospirosis and poliomyelitis. Photo gallery Institut Pasteur, Saïgon (PV0016906).jpg, Main building in the 1920s PasteurInstitute HCMC main-building lower-qual.jpg, Main building PasteurInstitute HCMC busts-Calmette-Pasteur lower-qual.jpg, Busts of Calmette and Pasteur External links Official Website of Pasteur Institute in HCMC Universities in Ho Chi Minh City France–Vietnam relations ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Atlantic Pockets
In World War II, the Atlantic pockets were locations along the coasts of the Netherlands, Belgium and France chosen as strongholds by the occupying German forces, to be defended as long as possible against land attack by the Allies. The locations are known in German as (lit. "Atlantic strongholds") but are known in English as "Atlantic pockets". Six of the Atlantic pockets were captured by the Allies between June and October 1944. Others were placed under siege. Three surrendered in April 1945, and the remainder in May 1945. Designation as fortresses On 19 January 1944 Adolf Hitler declared eleven places along the Atlantic Wall to be fortresses (''Festungen''), to be held until the last man or the last round, calling them (lit. "Atlantic strongholds"). The ports were: IJmuiden, the Hoek van Holland, Dunkirk, Boulogne-sur-Mer, Le Havre, Cherbourg, Saint-Malo, Brest, Lorient, Saint-Nazaire and the Gironde estuary. In February and March 1944 three more coastal areas we ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
St Leu-d'Esserent
Saint-Leu-d'Esserent () is a commune in the Oise department in northern France. Saint Leu is notable for of mushroom quarries under the Thiverny plateau. History During World War II, the quarries were one of three major underground V-1 flying bomb storage depots. In addition to the quarries, the facility included blockhouses, bunkers, flak emplacements and railway links. Allied intelligence firmly identified late in June 1944 that Saint-Leu-d'Esserent and Nucourt were V-1 storage depots. On 27 June 1944, Saint-Leu-d'Esserent was initially bombed by the US Army Air Force, then on 4/5 July 1944 by two RAF forces (the first unsuccessfully used Tallboy bombs in an attempt to collapse the limestone roof of the quarries). Finally on 7 July 1944, an evening RAF raid successfully blocked the tunnels. The storage dump at Thiverny was bombed in 1944 on 5 May, 11 July, 12 July and 19 July. Population See also * Communes of the Oise department * V-1 flying bomb (facilities) T ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
V-1 Flying Bomb
The V-1 flying bomb ( "Vengeance Weapon 1") was an early cruise missile. Its official Reich Aviation Ministry () name was Fieseler Fi 103 and its suggestive name was (hellhound). It was also known to the Allies as the buzz bomb or doodlebug and (maybug). The V-1 was the first of the (V-weapons) deployed for the terror bombing of London. It was developed at Peenemünde Army Research Center in 1939 by the at the beginning of the Second World War, and during initial development was known by the codename "Cherry Stone". Due to its limited range, the thousands of V-1 missiles launched into England were fired from V-1 flying bomb facilities, launch sites along the French (Pas-de-Calais) and Dutch coasts or by modified Heinkel He 111 aircraft. The Wehrmacht first launched the V-1s against London on 13 June 1944, one week after (and prompted by) Operation Overlord, the Allied landings in France. At times more than one hundred V-1s a day were fired at south-east England, 9,521 in t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
