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Renilla
''Renilla'' is a genus of sea pen. It is the only genus within the monotypic family Renillidae. Sea pansy is a common name for species in this genus. Species The following species are recognized: * ''Renilla amethystina'' Verrill, 1864 * '' Renilla koellikeri'' Pfeffer, 1886 * '' Renilla muelleri'' Kölliker, 1872 * ''Renilla musaica'' Zamponi & Pérez, 1996 * ''Renilla octodentata'' Zamponi & Pérez, 1996 * '' Renilla reniformis'' (Pallas, 1766) * ''Renilla tentaculata'' Zamponi, Perez & Capitali, 1996 Anatomy and Morphology ''Renilla'' has a distinctive heart shaped colony with a violet or red color. Pennatulaceans, in the order Pennatulacea, are soft corals in the subclass Octocorallia. But Pennatulaceans have different structures and functions from other octocorals. They form one main polyp, oozooid, which anchors itself onto the seabed using a stalk, peduncle, instead of forming a large colony like most soft corals. The top of this oozooid grows into a rachis which is the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Renilla Reniformis 6256818
''Renilla'' is a genus of Pennatulacea, sea pen. It is the only genus within the monotypic Family (biology), family Renillidae. Sea pansy is a common name for species in this genus. Species The following species are recognized: * ''Renilla amethystina'' Verrill, 1864 * ''Renilla koellikeri'' Pfeffer, 1886 * ''Renilla muelleri'' Kölliker, 1872 * ''Renilla musaica'' Zamponi & Pérez, 1996 * ''Renilla octodentata'' Zamponi & Pérez, 1996 * ''Renilla reniformis'' (Pallas, 1766) * ''Renilla tentaculata'' Zamponi, Perez & Capitali, 1996 Anatomy and Morphology ''Renilla'' has a distinctive heart shaped colony with a violet or red color. Pennatulaceans, in the order Pennatulacea, are soft corals in the subclass Octocorallia. But Pennatulaceans have different structures and functions from other octocorals. They form one main polyp, oozooid, which anchors itself onto the seabed using a stalk, Peduncle (anatomy), peduncle, instead of forming a large colony like most soft corals. The top o ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Coelenterazine
Coelenterazine is a luciferin, a molecule that emits light after reaction with oxygen, found in many aquatic organisms across eight phyla. It is the substrate of many luciferases such as '' Renilla reniformis'' luciferase (Rluc), ''Gaussia'' luciferase (Gluc), and photoproteins, including aequorin, and obelin. All these proteins catalyze the oxidation of this substance, a reaction catalogued EC 1.13.12.5. History Coelenterazine was simultaneously isolated and characterized by two groups studying the luminescent organisms sea pansy ('' Renilla reniformis'') and the cnidarian ''Aequorea victoria'', respectively. Both groups independently discovered that the same compound was used in both luminescent systems. The molecule was named after the now-obsolete phylum coelenterata. Likewise, the two main metabolites – coelenteramide and coelenteramine – were named after their respective functional groups. While coelenterazine was first discovered in ''Aequorea victoria'', it wa ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Renilla Reniformis
''Renilla reniformis'', the sea pansy, is a species of soft coral in the family Renillidae. It is native to warm continental shelf waters of the Western Hemisphere. It is frequently found washed ashore on North East Florida beaches following northeasterly winds or rough surf conditions. It also can often be found living intertidally completely buried in the sand. An important predator is the striped sea slug, ''Armina tigrina''. Description The sea pansy is a collection of polyps with different forms and functions. A single, giant polyp up to two inches in diameter forms the anchoring stem (peduncle). This peduncle can be distended to better anchor the colony in the substrate. The pansy-like body bears many small, anemone-like feeding polyps. A cluster of tentacleless polyps form an outlet valve that releases water to deflate the colony. If the colony is on a sand bar at low tide, it usually deflates and becomes covered with a thin film of silty sand. Small white dots between ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Renilla Koellikeri
''Renilla koellikeri'' (also spelled ''R. kollikeri'' or ''R. köllikeri'') is a species of sea pen that has been reported from the southern coast of California, including Santa Barbara, California Santa Barbara (, meaning ) is a coastal city in Santa Barbara County, California, of which it is also the county seat. Situated on a south-facing section of coastline, the longest such section on the West Coast of the United States excepting A .... References Williams, Gary C. "Index Pennatulacea Annotated Bibliography and Indexes of the Sea Pens (Coelenterata: Octocorallia) of the World 1469-1999". PROCEEDINGS OF THE CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 51 (2): 19-103. Bioluminescent cnidarians Renillidae {{Octocorallia-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Renilla Muelleri
''Renilla muelleri'' (also spelled ''R. mulleri'' or ''R. müilleri'') is a species of sea pansy. It has been reported from the Gulf Coast of the United States, notably the Florida panhandle, but is also reported from the eastern coast of South America. It is thought to be a euryhaline littoral The littoral zone, also called litoral or nearshore, is the part of a sea, lake, or river that is close to the shore. In coastal ecology, the littoral zone includes the intertidal zone extending from the high water mark (which is rarely i ... species, found to a depth of up to 150 meters. The genome of ''R. muelleri'' was sequenced in 2019. References Bioluminescent cnidarians Renillidae Octocorallia genera {{Octocorallia-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Luciferase
Luciferase is a generic term for the class of oxidative enzymes that produce bioluminescence, and is usually distinguished from a photoprotein. The name was first used by Raphaël Dubois who invented the words ''luciferin'' and ''luciferase'', for the substrate and enzyme, respectively. Both words are derived from the Latin word ''lucifer'', meaning "lightbearer", which in turn is derived from the Latin words for "light" (''lux)'' and "to bring or carry" (''ferre)''.Luciferases are widely used in biotechnology, for bioluminescence imaging microscopy and as reporter genes, for many of the same applications as fluorescent proteins. However, unlike fluorescent proteins, luciferases do not require an external light source, but do require addition of luciferin, the consumable substrate. Examples A variety of organisms regulate their light production using different luciferases in a variety of light-emitting reactions. The majority of studied luciferases have been found in anima ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bioluminescence
Bioluminescence is the emission of light during a chemiluminescence reaction by living organisms. Bioluminescence occurs in multifarious organisms ranging from marine vertebrates and invertebrates, as well as in some Fungus, fungi, microorganisms including some bioluminescent bacteria, Dinoflagellate, dinoflagellates and terrestrial arthropods such as Firefly, fireflies. In some animals, the light is bacteriogenic, produced by symbiosis, symbiotic bacteria such as those from the genus ''Vibrio''; in others, it is autogenic, produced by the animals themselves. In most cases, the principal chemical reaction in bioluminescence involves the reaction of a substrate called luciferin and an enzyme, called luciferase. Because these are generic names, luciferins and luciferases are often distinguished by the species or group, e.g. firefly luciferin or Vargulin, cypridina luciferin. In all characterized cases, the enzyme Catalysis, catalyzes the Redox, oxidation of the luciferin resultin ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Coelenteramide
Coelenteramide is the oxidized product, or oxyluciferin, of the bioluminescent reactions in many marine organisms that use coelenterazine. It was first isolated as a blue fluorescent protein from ''Aequorea victoria'' after the animals were stimulated to emit light. Under basic conditions, the compound will break down further into coelenteramine and 4-hydroxyphenylacetic acid Phenylacetic acid (conjugate base phenylacetate), also known by various synonyms, is an organic compound containing a phenyl functional group and a carboxylic acid functional group. It is a white solid with a strong honey-like odor. Endogenously .... It is an aminopyrazine.Discovery and Validation of a New Family of Antioxidants: The Aminopyrazine Derivatives. M. L. N. Dubuisson, J.-F. Rees and J. Marchand-Brynaert, Mini-Reviews in Medicinal Chemistry, 2004, 4, 159-165, References External links * Bioluminescence Aminopyrazines Carboxamides {{heterocyclic-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Filter Feeder
Filter feeders are aquatic animals that acquire nutrients by feeding on organic matters, food particles or smaller organisms (bacteria, microalgae and zooplanktons) suspended in water, typically by having the water pass over or through a specialized filtering organ that sieves out and/or traps solids. Filter feeders can play an important role in condensing biomass and removing excess nutrients (such as nitrogen and phosphate) from the local waterbody, and are therefore considered water-cleaning ecosystem engineers. They are also important in bioaccumulation and, as a result, as indicator organisms. Filter feeders can be sessile, planktonic, nektonic or even neustonic (in the case of the buoy barnacle) depending on the species and the niches they have evolved to occupy. Extant species that rely on such method of feeding encompass numerous phyla, including poriferans ( sponges), cnidarians (jellyfish, sea pens and corals), arthropods ( krill, mysids and barna ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Stimulus (physiology)
In physiology, a stimulus is a change in a living thing's internal or external environment. This change can be detected by an organism or organ using sensitivity, and leads to a physiological reaction. Sensory receptors can receive stimuli from outside the body, as in touch receptors found in the skin or light receptors in the eye, as well as from inside the body, as in chemoreceptors and mechanoreceptors. When a stimulus is detected by a sensory receptor, it can elicit a reflex via stimulus transduction. An internal stimulus is often the first component of a homeostatic control system. External stimuli are capable of producing systemic responses throughout the body, as in the fight-or-flight response. In order for a stimulus to be detected with high probability, its level of strength must exceed the absolute threshold; if a signal does reach threshold, the information is transmitted to the central nervous system (CNS), where it is integrated and a decision on how to ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sclerite
A sclerite (Greek language, Greek , ', meaning "hardness, hard") is a hardened body part. In various branches of biology the term is applied to various structures, but not as a rule to vertebrate anatomical features such as bones and teeth. Instead it refers most commonly to the hardened parts of arthropod exoskeletons and the internal wikt:spicule, spicules of invertebrates such as certain sponges and Alcyonacea, soft corals. In paleontology, a scleritome is the complete set of sclerites of an organism, often all that is known from fossil invertebrates. Sclerites in combination Sclerites may occur practically isolated in an organism, such as the Stinger, sting of a Conus, cone shell. Also, they can be more or less scattered, such as tufts of defensive sharp, mineralised bristles as in many marine polychaetes. Or, they can occur as structured, but unconnected or loosely connected arrays, such as the mineral "teeth" in the radula of many Mollusca, the Valve (mollusc), valves of chit ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Loggerhead Sea Turtle
The loggerhead sea turtle (''Caretta caretta'') is a species of sea turtle, oceanic turtle distributed throughout the world. It is a marine reptile, belonging to the Family (biology), family Cheloniidae. The average loggerhead measures around in carapace length when fully grown. The adult loggerhead sea turtle weighs approximately , with the largest specimens weighing in at more than . The skin ranges from yellow to brown in color, and the shell is typically reddish brown. No external differences in sex are seen until the turtle becomes an adult, the most obvious difference being the adult males have thicker tails and shorter plastrons (lower shells) than the females. The loggerhead sea turtle is found in the Atlantic Ocean, Atlantic, Pacific Ocean, Pacific, and Indian Oceans, as well as the Mediterranean Sea. It spends most of its life in saltwater and estuarine habitats, with females briefly coming ashore to lay eggs. The loggerhead sea turtle has a low reproductive rate; fem ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
