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Reichsmünzfuß
The ''Reichsmünzfuß'' ("Imperial Minting Standard") was a coinage standard or '' Münzfuß'' officially adopted for general use in the Holy Roman Empire. Different imperial coin standards were defined for different types of coins. History After Charlemagne had introduced his successful Carolingian monetary reform, the high medieval Interregnum led to the collapse of imperial coin sovereignty.Carl Friedrich Gerstlacher (1786) Corpus iuris Germanici publici et privati: this is the most authentic possible text of the German imperial laws, imperial regulations and other imperial standards, in sistematic order, with annotations. Volume One - Of Imperial Laws and Imperial Ordinances. Johann Benedict Mezler, Frankfurt and Leipzig. Second unchanged edition. p. 374 ff. At the ''Reichstag'' or Imperial Diet in Eger in 1437, an early form of the imperial coinage system was discussed and the first determinations were made in the direction of an imperial coin standard. It was determi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Münzfuß
A ''Münzfuß'' (lit. "coin foot" or "mint foot") is an historical term, used especially in the Holy Roman Empire, for an official minting or coinage standard that determines how many coins of a given type were to be struck from a specified unit of weight of precious metal (the ''Münzgrundgewicht'' or coin base weight). The ''Münzfuß'', or ''Fuß'' ("foot") for short in numismatics, determined a coin's fineness, i.e. how much of a precious metal it would contain. Mintmaster Julian Eberhard Volckmar Claus defined the standard in his 1753 work, ''Kurzgefaßte Anleitung zum Probieren und Münzen'' ("Brief Guide to Proving and Coins"), as follows: "The appropriate proportion of metals and the weight of the coin, measured according to their internal and external worth, or determined according to their quality, additives and fineness, number and weight, is called the ''Münzfuß''." Many coins do not consist exclusively of the precious metal that the respective standard is based ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Coinage Of Saxony
The history of Saxon coinage or Meissen-Saxon coinage comprises three major periods: the high medieval regional pfennig period (bracteate period), the late medieval pfennig period and the thaler period, which ended with the introduction of the mark in 1871/72. Rich silver deposits, which were discovered near Freiberg after the middle of the 12th century, helped Saxony to a leading position in German coinage. The Saxon pfennigs (''Sachsenpfennige'') minted in eastern Saxony are also included, as described in Walther Haupt's ''Sächsischer Münzkunde'' ("Saxon Coinage"). They were minted on the basis of the Carolingian monetary reform, on which the oldest Meissen coinage is based. The different names of these pfennig types indicate a still unclear position within medieval numismatics. ''Hochrandpfennig'' (''Sachsenpfennig'') The 10th and 11th century pfennig type known as the Saxon pfennig (''Sachsenpfennig'') with a raised edge is the most common pfennig type of this time, a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Thaler
A thaler (; also taler, from german: Taler) is one of the large silver coins minted in the states and territories of the Holy Roman Empire and the Habsburg monarchy during the Early Modern period. A ''thaler'' size silver coin has a diameter of about and a weight of about 25 to 30 grams (roughly 1 ounce). The word is shortened from ''Joachimsthaler'', the original ''thaler'' coin minted in Joachimstal, Bohemia, from 1520. While the first standard coin of the Holy Roman Empire was the '' Guldengroschen'' of 1524, its longest-lived coin was the '' Reichsthaler (Reichstaler)'', which contained Cologne Mark of fine silver (or 25.984 g), and which was issued in various versions from 1566 to 1875. From the 17th century a lesser-valued '' North German thaler'' currency unit emerged, which by the 19th century became par with the '' Vereinsthaler''. The ''thaler'' silver coin type continued to be minted until the 20th century in the form of the Mexican peso until 1914, the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Joachimsthaler
A thaler (; also taler, from german: Taler) is one of the large silver coins minted in the states and territories of the Holy Roman Empire and the Habsburg monarchy during the Early Modern period. A ''thaler'' size silver coin has a diameter of about and a weight of about 25 to 30 grams (roughly 1 ounce). The word is shortened from ''Joachimsthaler'', the original ''thaler'' coin minted in Joachimstal, Bohemia, from 1520. While the first standard coin of the Holy Roman Empire was the '' Guldengroschen'' of 1524, its longest-lived coin was the ''Reichsthaler (Reichstaler)'', which contained Cologne Mark of fine silver (or 25.984 g), and which was issued in various versions from 1566 to 1875. From the 17th century a lesser-valued ''North German thaler'' currency unit emerged, which by the 19th century became par with the ''Vereinsthaler''. The ''thaler'' silver coin type continued to be minted until the 20th century in the form of the Mexican peso until 1914, the fiv ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Coinage Standard
Coinage may refer to: * Coins, standardized as currency * Neologism, coinage of a new word * ''COINage'', numismatics magazine * Tin coinage, a tax on refined tin * Protologism ''Protologism'' is a term coined in 2003 by the American literary theorist Mikhail Epstein in reference to a word coined, by an individual or a small group, that has not yet been published independently of the coiner(s). The word may be proposed, m ..., coinage of a seldom used new term See also * Coining (other) * Coin (other) {{disambig ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mark (unit)
The Mark (from Middle High German: Marc, march, brand) is originally a medieval weight or mass unit, which supplanted the pound weight as a precious metals and coinage weight from the 11th century. The Mark is traditionally divided into 8 ounces or 16 lots. The Cologne mark corresponded to about 234 grams. Like the German systems, the French poids de marc weight system considered one "Marc" equal to 8 troy ounces. Just as the pound of 12 troy ounces (373 g) lent its name to the pound unit of currency, the mark lent its name to the mark unit of currency. Origin of the term The Etymological Dictionary of the German Language by Friedrich Kluge derives the word from the Proto-Germanic term ''marka'', "weight and value unit" (originally "division, shared"). The etymological dictionary by Wolfgang Pfeifer sees the Old High German ''marc'', "delimitation, sign", as the stem and assumes that ''marc'' originally meant "minting" (marking of a certain weight), later denoting the i ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Lot (fineness)
A ''Lot'' (formerly ''Loth'') was an old unit of measurement for the relative fineness_ (1896), ''The Journal of Political Economy'', Vol. 4, p. 190. to gross weight in metallurgy and especially in coinage until the 19th century. A ''Lot'' was thus a proportion of the precious metal content in a piece of metal.Geissler, Ewald and Josef Moeller (1886). ''Real-Encyclopädie der Gesammten Pharmacie'', Volume 9, p. 264. It was used in the four main monetary systems of Germany: Austrian, South German, North German and Hamburg. The ''lot'' was defined as the sixteenth part of a ''Mark''.Bringucci, Vannoccio (1990), ''Pirotechnia''. New York: Dover. p. 209. For example, in silver, the total weight was divided into 16 (proportional) ''Lots'' until about 1857, according to which a "''12-Lot''" silver alloy (750 silver) contained 12/16 = or 75% by weight of silver and 25% of another metal (usually copper). A ''14-Lot'' silver alloy (), on the other hand, corresponded to 875 silver. For r ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Dollar
Dollar is the name of more than 20 currencies. They include the Australian dollar, Brunei dollar, Canadian dollar, Hong Kong dollar, Jamaican dollar, Liberian dollar, Namibian dollar, New Taiwan dollar, New Zealand dollar, Singapore dollar, United States dollar, Trinidad and Tobago Dollar and several others. The symbol for most of those currencies is the dollar sign $ in the same way as many countries using peso currencies. Economies that use a "dollar" Other territories that use a "dollar" * : Eastern Caribbean dollar * (Netherlands): US dollar * : US dollar (alongside the pound sterling) * : US dollar * : Eastern Caribbean dollar * (Netherlands): US dollar * (France): Canadian dollar (alongside the euro) * (Netherlands): US dollar * : US dollar Countries unofficially accepting "dollars" * Afghanistan: US dollar * Argentina: US dollar * Bolivia: US dollar * Cambodia: US dollar * Cuba: US dollar * Guatemala: US dollar * Lebanon: US dollar * Macau: Hong ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Speciestaler
The ''Speciesthaler'', also ''Speciestaler'' or ''Speziestaler'', was a type of silver specie coin that was widespread from the 17th to the 19th century and was based on the ''9-Thaler'' standard of the original ''Reichsthaler''. In Scandinavian sources the term ''Speciesdaler'' is used and, in German sources, the abbreviation ''Species'' was also common. General The 1566 Imperial Minting Ordinance of the Holy Roman Empire stipulated that 9 ''Reichsthalers'' were to be coined a fine Cologne Mark of silver (ca. 234 g). The official ''Reichstaler'' to the ''9-Thaler'' standard thus had a calculated fine silver content of 25.984 g. ''Speciestaler'' was a common name in (Northern) Germany and Scandinavia in the 18th and 19th centuries. The suffix ''-taler'' goes back to the '' Joachimstaler'' '' Guldengroschen''. The prefix ''Species-'' goes back to the Latin word ''species'', "face" or, in Middle Latin, "bust image". ''Speciesthalers'' are mostly silver coins with an embossed ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Danish Rigsdaler
The rigsdaler was the name of several currencies used in Denmark until 1875. The similarly named Reichsthaler, riksdaler and rijksdaalder were used in Germany and Austria-Hungary, Sweden and the Netherlands, respectively. These currencies were often anglicized as rix-dollar or rixdollar. History Several different currency systems have been used by Denmark from the 16th to 19th centuries. The ''krone'' (lit. "crown") first emerged in 1513 as a unit of account worth 8 marks. The more generally used currency system until 1813, however, was the Danish ''rigsdaler'' worth 1 ''krone'' (or ''schlecht daler''), 6 marks, or 96 '' skilling''. The Danish ''rigsdaler'' used in the 18th century was a common system shared with the silver reichsthalers of Norway, Hamburg and Schleswig-Holstein. The currency system consisted of the Reichsthaler specie (''Rigsdaler specie'') worth 120 ''skillings'' in Denmark and Norway, and the lower-valued ''Rigsdaler courant'' worth th of specie or ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Lot (unit)
The Lot (formerly also written ''Loth'') was a unit of measurement of mass, which was mainly used in German-speaking states of the Holy Roman Empire and in Scandinavia. It was replaced in the German Reich in 1868/69/72, in Austria in 1871/76 and in Switzerland in 1875/77 by the metric unit of measurement, the gramme. But in the early 20th century it was still used as a popular unit of measure in cooking and baking recipes. An imprecise but clear rule of thumb is that a ''lot'' corresponds to a "spoonful". Old ''Lot'' In Germany, Austria and Switzerland, the following weight system was traditionally used: (trading) '' Pfund'' = 1 ''Lot'' = 4 ''Quents'' = 16 ''Pfennig'' weights = 32 ''Heller'' weights The ''Lot'' had different weights in the various German states depending on the definition of the ''Pfund'' ("pound"); its definition also varied over time. However it was mostly set at between 14 g and 18 g. Some examples: * 14.606 g before May 1856 in Prussia, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
