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Razakars (East Pakistan)
The Razakars ( ) were a gendarmerie and paramilitary force in East Pakistan organised by General Tikka Khan in 1971. They were organised as a counter-insurgency force to fight Mukti Bahini militants in the Bangladesh War of Independence, and played an infamous role in the 1971 Bangladesh genocide. The Razakars were disbanded following Pakistan's defeat and surrender in the 1971 Indo-Pakistani War. Etymology and terminology Razakar is a Persian term meaning volunteer. The former Bangladesh government denoted all collaborators of the Pakistan forces as Razakars. This includes leaders, members of East Pakistan Central Peace Committee and even the Chakma King, Maharaja Tridev Roy. In Bangladesh today, Razakar is used as a pejorative term meaning ''"traitor"'' or Judas. History and organization In June 1971, the Ansar was disbanded and reconstituted as the Razakars. Initially, they were controlled by the Shanti Committee, which was formed by several pro-Pakistani leaders includi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Gendarmerie
A gendarmerie () is a paramilitary or military force with law enforcement duties among the civilian population. The term ''gendarme'' () is derived from the medieval French expression ', which translates to " men-at-arms" (). In France and some Francophone nations, the gendarmerie is a branch of the armed forces that is responsible for internal security in parts of the territory (primarily in rural areas and small towns in the case of France), with additional duties as military police for the armed forces. It was introduced to several other Western European countries during the Napoleonic conquests. In the mid-twentieth century, a number of former French mandates and colonial possessions (such as Lebanon, Syria, the Ivory Coast and the Republic of the Congo) adopted a gendarmerie after independence. Similar forces exist in most European countries. The European Gendarmerie Force is a structure, aligned with the European Union, that facilitates joint operations. A similar ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mukti Bahini
The Mukti Bahini, initially called the Mukti Fauj, also known as the Bangladesh Forces, was a big tent armed guerrilla resistance movement consisting of the Bangladeshi military personnel, paramilitary personnel and civilians during the Bangladesh War of Independence that transformed East Pakistan into Bangladesh in 1971. On 7 March 1971, Sheikh Mujibur Rahman, the undisputed leader of then East Pakistan, issued a call to the people of East Pakistan to prepare themselves for an all-out struggle. Later that evening resistance demonstrations began, and the West Pakistani military began a full-scale retaliation with Operation Searchlight in the early hours of 26 March 1971, which continued through May 1971. Before his arrest on 26 March, East Pakistani leaders declared the independence of Bangladesh, and ordered the people to engage in all-out war. A formal military leadership of the resistance was created in April 1971 under the Provisional Government of Bangladesh. Th ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Shahriar Kabir
Shahriar Kabir (; born 20 November 1950) is a Bangladeshi journalist, filmmaker, human rights activist, war crimes researcher and author of more than 70 books focusing on human rights, communalism, fundamentalism, history, and the Bangladesh war of independence. He was awarded Bangla Academy Literary Award in 1995. He is the President of the Ekattorer Ghatak Dalal Nirmul Committee. He is the former president of Forum for Secular Bangladesh. He has cooperated with the renowned anti-racist and anti-fascist group the βNever Againβ Association, based in Poland. In 2001, he was recognized by Amnesty International as a prisoner of conscience for his peaceful and non-violent activism in defence of the rights of religious and ethnic minorities. Early life and education Kabir was born in Feni District, Chittagong Division, East Pakistan and now in Bangladesh on 20 November 1950. He attended St Gregory's School. He passed his higher secondary exam from Jagannath College. He ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Khwaja Khairuddin
Syed Khwaja Khairuddin (, ) was a Pakistani politician. He was the vice mayor of Dhaka and was known for opposing the Independence of Bangladesh. Following Bangladesh's independence, he migrated to live in Pakistan. Early life Khairuddin was born in Dhaka on 4 July 1921. His father was Syed Khwaja Alauddin and his mother was Shahzadi Begum. Syed Khwaja Alauddin was a leader of the Khilafat Movement along his with father Syed Khwaja Wazir Ali. Wazir Ali's father, Syed Khwaja Muhammad Hassan, moved to Dhaka from Patna in the 1800s. Shahzadi Begum was a great-granddaughter of Nawab Khwaja Alimullah of Dhaka and grand-niece of Khwaja Abdul Ghani (second Nawab of Dhaka). Khairuddin had a brother, Khwaja Mohiuddin (Ladla Mia), and a sister, Farhadi Begum. He studied at the Government Muslim High School in Dhaka and graduated from the University of Dhaka in 1943. Career He became the President of East Pakistan Council Muslim League. He served as the vice mayor of Dhaka. He was ele ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Nurul Amin
Nurul Amin (15 July 1893 β 2 October 1974) was a Pakistani politician and jurist who served as the eighth prime minister of Pakistan from 7 December to 20 December 1971. His premiership term of only 13 days was the shortest served in Pakistani history. Starting his political career in 1948 as Chief Minister of East Bengal, he headed the Ministry of Supply. Despite being a Bengali, Amin was against the Bengali language movement of 1952. After participating in the 1970 Pakistani general election, He was appointed as the Prime Minister of Pakistan. He was the first and only vice president of Pakistan, serving from 1970 to 1972, and also led Pakistan during the Bangladesh War of Independence. Early life Nurul Amin was born on 15 July 1893 in Shahbazpur, Sarail located in Tippera District of the Bengal Presidency (now in Brahmanbaria District, Bangladesh). He belonged to a Bengali Muslim family from the village of Bahadurpur in Nandail, Mymensingh District. His father wa ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Shanti Committee
East Pakistan Central Peace Committee was one of several committees formed in East Pakistan in 1971 to aid efforts of Pakistani forces during the Bangladesh War of Independence. Nurul Amin, as a leader of Pakistan Democratic Party, led the formation of the Shanti Committee to thwart the Mukti Bahini, which fought for independence of the region. Background On 25 March 1971, the war in East Pakistan began. On 4 April 1971, twelve pro-Pakistan leaders, including Nurul Amin, Ghulam Azam and Khwaja Khairuddin, met General Tikka Khan of the Pakistan Army and assured him of co-operation in opposing the Bengali rebellion. After subsequent meetings, they announced the formation of Citizen Peace Committee, with 140 members. The first recruits included 96 Jamaat-e-Islami members, who started training in an Ansar camp at Khanjahan Ali Road, Khulna. The Shanti Committee is also alleged to have recruited Razakars.''The Wall Street Journal'', 27 July 1971; quoted in the book ''Muldhara 71 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
The Daily Observer (Bangladesh)
The Daily Observer is an English-language newspaper in Bangladesh. The founding editor is Iqbal Sobhan Chowdhury, who was the former editor of '' The Bangladesh Observer''. History ''The Daily Observer'' hit the stands in Bangladesh on 1 February 2011. Iqbal Sobhan Chowdhury, the last editor of ''Bangladesh Observer'', started the circulation of a new newspaper by the name of ''The Daily Observer'' in 2011. The editor was sued by MP Nizam Uddin Hazari, an AL politician, in 2017 for publishing an allegedly defamatory article mentioning him. See also * List of newspapers in Bangladesh * The Daily Star (Bangladesh) * Dhaka Tribune * Prothom Alo ''Prothom Alo'' () is a Bengali language, Bengali-language daily newspaper in Bangladesh, published from Dhaka. It is one of the largest circulated newspaper in Bangladesh. According to the National Media Survey of 2018, conducted by Kantar MRB ... References Newspapers established in 2011 Newspapers published in Dhaka 2 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
University Of Pennsylvania Press
The University of Pennsylvania Press, also known as Penn Press, is a university press affiliated with the University of Pennsylvania, an Ivy League university in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. History The press was originally incorporated with by the Pennsylvania state government on March 26, 1890, and the imprint of the University of Pennsylvania Press first appeared on publications in the 1890s, among the earliest such imprints in America. One of the press's first book publications, published in 1899, was The Philadelphia Negro, ''The Philadelphia Negro: A Social Study'', written by black reformer, scholar, and social critic W. E. B. Du Bois. University of Pennsylvania Press has an active backlist of roughly 2,000 titles and an annual output of upward of 120 new books in a focused editorial program. It focuses heavily on publishing works related to American history and culture, ancient, medieval, and Renaissance studies, anthropology, landscape architecture, studio arts, human ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Judas Iscariot
Judas Iscariot (; ; died AD) was, according to Christianity's four canonical gospels, one of the original Twelve Apostles of Jesus Christ. Judas betrayed Jesus to the Sanhedrin in the Garden of Gethsemane, in exchange for thirty pieces of silver, by kiss of Judas, kissing him on the cheek and addressing him as "names and titles of Jesus in the New Testament#Master, master" to reveal his identity in the darkness to the crowd who had come to arrest him. In modern times, his name is often used synonymously with betrayal or treason. The Gospel of Mark gives no motive for Judas's betrayal but does present Jesus predicts his betrayal, Jesus predicting it at the Last Supper, an event also described in all the other gospels. The Gospel of Matthew states that Judas committed the betrayal in exchange for thirty pieces of silver. The Gospel of Luke and the Gospel of John suggest that he was Spirit possession, possessed by Satan. According to , after learning that Jesus Crucifixion of ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Tridev Roy
Raja Tridiv Roy (; Chakma: ππ³π’π¨ππ¨ππ΄ π’π§π π΄) sometimes spelled Tridev Roy, (14 May 1933 β 17 September 2012) was a Pakistani politician, diplomat and writer who was the Minister of the Minority Affairs in Zulfikar Ali Bhutto cabinet. He was also the 50th Raja/King of the Chakma tribe in the Chittagong Hill Tracts region of present-day Bangladesh from 2 May 1953, until his abdication in 1971 following the Bangladesh Liberation War.Hindus Contribution Towards Making Of Pakistan Retrieved 28 January 2011 He chose to remain a Pakistani when Bangladesh achieved independence in 1971. He became known as a writer, diplomat, |
Chakma King
The Chakma or Changhma people (, πππ΄π), are an ethnic group and nation native to the Indian subcontinent and Rakhine State, Western Myanmar. They are the largest indigenous group and as well as the second largest ethnic group of the Chittagong Hill Tracts region of southeastern Bangladesh. They also form the majority in Chakma Autonomous District Council of Mizoram. Significant Chakma populations are found in the northeast Indian states of Arunachal Pradesh, Tripura, Assam and Rakhine State of Myanmar. The Chakma possess strong ethnic affinities to Tibeto-Burman-speaking groups in Northeast India. Because of a language shift in the past to consolidate power among the tribes, they adopted an Indo-Aryan languages, Indo-Aryan language Chakma language, Chakma, which is closely related to Pali and the Chittagonian language, predominant near the areas in which they live. Most modern Chakma people practice Theravada Buddhism, due to 19th-century reforms and institutional ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
East Pakistan Central Peace Committee
East Pakistan Central Peace Committee was one of several committees formed in East Pakistan in 1971 to aid efforts of Pakistani forces during the Bangladesh War of Independence. Nurul Amin, as a leader of Pakistan Democratic Party, led the formation of the Shanti Committee to thwart the Mukti Bahini, which fought for independence of the region. Background On 25 March 1971, the war in East Pakistan began. On 4 April 1971, twelve pro-Pakistan leaders, including Nurul Amin, Ghulam Azam and Khwaja Khairuddin, met General Tikka Khan of the Pakistan Army and assured him of co-operation in opposing the Bengali rebellion. After subsequent meetings, they announced the formation of Citizen Peace Committee, with 140 members. The first recruits included 96 Jamaat-e-Islami members, who started training in an Ansar camp at Khanjahan Ali Road, Khulna. The Shanti Committee is also alleged to have recruited Razakars.''The Wall Street Journal'', 27 July 1971; quoted in the book ''Muldhara 7 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
