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Ralph Erskine (historian)
Thomas Ralph Erskine CB (14 October 1933 – 9 April 2021) was a senior Northern Ireland government lawyer and historian of wartime codebreaking. Biography Family and early life His parents were Robert Todd Erskine, a businessman from Belfast, and Mary Edith Erskine ( Motherwell). He had three siblings, one of whom died in childhood. Education In 1941 he went to Portora Royal School as a boarder and in September 1947 went to Campbell College. In his teens he contracted tuberculosis and spent a year and a half in the hospital. He later said he considered himself lucky as many in his ward didn't survive. The illness had an impact on his life - running for the bus was something he couldn't do until his late twenties. Legal career Ralph Erskine studied law at Queen's University Belfast and was called to the Bar at Gray's Inn in February 1962. He never practised law, instead taking a post as a government lawyer initially with the Home Office and from 1957 until 1992 with the Northern ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Brackets
A bracket is either of two tall fore- or back-facing punctuation marks commonly used to isolate a segment of text or data from its surroundings. They come in four main pairs of shapes, as given in the box to the right, which also gives their names, that vary between British English, British and American English. "Brackets", without further qualification, are in British English the ... marks and in American English the ... marks. Other symbols are repurposed as brackets in specialist contexts, such as International Phonetic Alphabet#Brackets and transcription delimiters, those used by linguists. Brackets are typically deployed in symmetric pairs, and an individual bracket may be identified as a "left" or "right" bracket or, alternatively, an "opening bracket" or "closing bracket", respectively, depending on the Writing system#Directionality, directionality of the context. In casual writing and in technical fields such as computing or linguistic analysis of grammar, brackets ne ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bletchley Park
Bletchley Park is an English country house and Bletchley Park estate, estate in Bletchley, Milton Keynes (Buckinghamshire), that became the principal centre of Allies of World War II, Allied World War II cryptography, code-breaking during the Second World War. During World War II, the estate housed the Government Code and Cypher School (GC&CS), which regularly penetrated the secret communications of the Axis Powers most importantly the German Enigma machine, Enigma and Lorenz cipher, Lorenz ciphers. The GC&CS team of codebreakers included John Tiltman, Dilwyn Knox, Alan Turing, Harry Golombek, Gordon Welchman, Conel Hugh O'Donel Alexander, Hugh Alexander, Donald Michie, W. T. Tutte, Bill Tutte and Stuart Milner-Barry. The team at Bletchley Park devised automatic machinery to help with decryption, culminating in the development of Colossus computer, Colossus, the world's first programmable digital electronic computer. Codebreaking operations at Bletchley Park ended in 1946 and al ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
2021 Deaths
This is a list of lists of deaths of notable people, organized by year. New deaths articles are added to their respective month (e.g., Deaths in ) and then linked below. 2025 2024 2023 2022 2021 2020 2019 2018 2017 2016 2015 2014 2013 2012 2011 2010 2009 2008 2007 2006 2005 2004 2003 2002 2001 2000 1999 1998 1997 1996 1995 1994 1993 1992 1991 1990 1989 1988 1987 1986 Earlier years ''Deaths in years earlier than this can usually be found in the main articles of the years.'' See also * Lists of deaths by day * Deaths by year (category) {{DEFAULTSORT:deaths by year ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1933 Births
Events January * January 11 – Australian aviator Sir Charles Kingsford Smith makes the first commercial flight between Australia and New Zealand. * January 17 – The United States Congress votes in favour of Philippines independence, against the wishes of U.S. President Herbert Hoover. * January 28 – "Pakistan Declaration": Choudhry Rahmat Ali publishes (in Cambridge, UK) a pamphlet entitled ''Now or Never; Are We to Live or Perish Forever?'', in which he calls for the creation of a Muslim state in northwest India that he calls "Pakistan, Pakstan"; this influences the Pakistan Movement. * January 30 ** Nazi Party leader Adolf Hitler is appointed Chancellor of Germany (German Reich), Chancellor of Germany by President of Germany Paul von Hindenburg. ** Édouard Daladier forms a government in France in succession to Joseph Paul-Boncour. He is succeeded on October 26 by Albert Sarraut and on November 26 by Camille Chautemps. February * February 1 – Adolf Hitle ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Enigma-M4
The Enigma-M4 (also called ''Schlüssel'' M, more precisely ''Schlüssel'' M Form M4) is a rotor cipher machine, rotor key machine that was used for encrypted communication by the German Kriegsmarine during Second World War, World War II from October 1941. In contrast to the previously used Enigma-M3 and the Enigma I and the Enigma-G used by the German Secret services, the Enigma-M4 is characterized by ''four'' rollers (except for the entry roller and the reverse roller). This makes its encryption cryptography, cryptographic significantly stronger than that of the other Enigma variants with only ''three'' rotors and therefore could not be broken by the Allies for a long time. Previous history All parts of the German Wehrmacht used the rotor cipher machine to encrypt their secret messages. Enigma (machine), Enigma. However, different models were used. While the army and air force used the Enigma I almost exclusively, there were different model variants ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hugh Sebag-Montefiore
Nicholas Hugh Sebag-Montefiore (born 5 March 1955) is a British writer. He trained as a barrister before becoming a journalist and then a non-fiction writer. Biography He has published two books on the history of the Second World War, of which the first was ''Enigma: The Battle for the Code'' in 2000 and concerned the breaking of the German Enigma machine code at Bletchley Park. In 2006, ''Dunkirk: Fight to the Last Man'' came out. He was among the signatories of the 2007 open letter to the BBC against the closure of the '' Timewatch'' documentary series, published in ''The Guardian''. In 2016, ''Somme: Into the Breach'' appeared in time for the 100th anniversary of the Somme Offensive during the First World War. Family background He has been married since 1989 to Aviva Burnstock, the head of the Department of Art Conservation & Technology at the Courtauld Institute in London. His brother Simon Sebag Montefiore is also a writer, besides being an historian. His cousin ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Max Hastings
Sir Max Hugh Macdonald Hastings (; born 28 December 1945) is a British journalist and military historian, who has worked as a foreign correspondent for the BBC, editor-in-chief of ''The Daily Telegraph'', and editor of the ''Evening Standard''. He is also the author of thirty books, most significantly histories, which have won several major awards. Hastings currently writes a bimonthly column for ''Bloomberg Opinion'' and contributes to ''The Times'' and ''The Sunday Times''. Early life Hastings' parents were Macdonald Hastings, a journalist and correspondent, and Anne Scott-James, sometime editor of ''Harper's Bazaar''. He was educated at Charterhouse and University College, Oxford, which he left after a year. Career Hastings moved to the United States, spending a year (1967–68) as a Fellow of the World Press Institute, following which he published his first book, ''America, 1968: The Fire This Time'', an account of the US in its tumultuous election year. He became ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
The Secret War (book)
''Secret Wars'' is a 1984–1985 comics series. Secret Wars or Secret War may also refer to: History *Laotian Civil War (1959–1975), or Secret War, referring to American clandestine involvement as part of the Vietnam War Arts and entertainment Comics * ''Secret War'' (comics), a 2004–2005 Marvel Comics series * ''Secret Wars'' (2015 comic book), a 2015–2016 Marvel Comics series *''Secret Wars II'', a 1985–1986 Marvel Comics series *" Secret Wars III", a 1988 Marvel Comics storyline Film and television *'' Avengers: Secret Wars'', an upcoming superhero film * ''Secret Wars'' (2014 film), 2014 Polish film * ''The Secret War'' (TV series), British 1977 World War II documentary series *"Secret Wars", story arc of the 1997 ''Spider-Man'' animated TV series, see list of ''Spider-Man'' (1994 TV series) episodes *"Secret Wars", subtitle of the fourth season of animated television series '' Avengers: Assemble'' Other media * ''Secret Wars'' (adventure), a role-playing game adven ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
German Mathematical Society
The German Mathematical Society (, DMV) is the main professional society of German mathematicians and represents German mathematics within the European Mathematical Society (EMS) and the International Mathematical Union (IMU). It was founded in 1890 in Bremen with the set theorist Georg Cantor as first president. Founding members included Georg Cantor, Felix Klein, Walther von Dyck, David Hilbert, Hermann Minkowski, Carl Runge, Rudolf Sturm, Hermann Schubert, and Heinrich Weber. The current president of the DMV is . Activities In honour of its founding president, Georg Cantor, the society awards the Cantor Medal. The DMV publishes two scientific journals, the ''Jahresbericht der DMV'' and ''Documenta Mathematica''. It also publishes a quarterly magazine for its membership the ''Mitteilungen der DMV''. The annual meeting of the DMV is called the ''Jahrestagung''; the DMV traditionally meets every four years together with the Austrian Mathematical Society (ÖMG) an ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Gauss Lectureship
The Gauss Lectureship (''Gauß-Vorlesung'') is an annually awarded mathematical distinction, named in honor of Carl Friedrich Gauss. It was established in 2001 by the German Mathematical Society with a series of lectures for a broad audience. Each Gauss Lecture is paired with another presentation on the history of mathematics. Gauss Lecturers See also * Cantor Medal * List of mathematics awards This list of mathematics awards contains articles about notable awards for mathematics. The list is organized by the region and country of the organization that sponsors the award, but awards may be open to mathematicians from around the world. Som ... References External links Gauss Lectureship Archive of the Gauss Lectureship{{Webarchive, url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150913071416/http://dmv.mathematik.de/index.php/aktivitaeten/gauss-vorlesung/archiv-der-gauss-vorlesungen , date=2015-09-13 German science and technology awards Mathematical events Lecture series Recur ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
The Bletchley Park Codebreakers
''The'' is a grammatical article in English, denoting nouns that are already or about to be mentioned, under discussion, implied or otherwise presumed familiar to listeners, readers, or speakers. It is the definite article in English. ''The'' is the most frequently used word in the English language; studies and analyses of texts have found it to account for seven percent of all printed English-language words. It is derived from gendered articles in Old English which combined in Middle English and now has a single form used with nouns of any gender. The word can be used with both singular and plural nouns, and with a noun that starts with any letter. This is different from many other languages, which have different forms of the definite article for different genders or numbers. Pronunciation In most dialects, "the" is pronounced as (with the voiced dental fricative followed by a schwa) when followed by a consonant sound, and as (homophone of the archaic pronoun ''thee'') ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
