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Rail Passenger Rights Regulation 2021
The Rail Passenger Rights Regulation 2021 (EU2021/782gives railway passengers basic rights in EU law to refunds and minimum levels of service. As a regulation, it has mandatory application without the need for implementing legislation. Before this many countries, such as the United Kingdom, had no rights set in law for rail passengers. The Regulation creates minimum rights which every member state law, and every rail undertaking, may improve upon. A 2007 version of the Regulation was updated by Regulation (EU) No 2021/782, applicable from June 7, 2023. Contents The following is a summary of the Regulation's provisions: *article 3, definitions *art 4, transport contract conditions governed by Annex I *art 5, non-discriminatory contract conditions and tariffs on basis of nationality *art 6, enables bikes on trains if it does not adversely affect rail *art 7, obligations to passengers under this Regulation cannot be waived, but duties can be more favourable *art 8, info on discon ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
European Parliament
The European Parliament (EP) is one of the two legislative bodies of the European Union and one of its seven institutions. Together with the Council of the European Union (known as the Council and informally as the Council of Ministers), it adopts European legislation, following a proposal by the European Commission. The Parliament is composed of 720 members (MEPs), after the June 2024 European elections, from a previous 705 MEPs. It represents the second-largest democratic electorate in the world (after the Parliament of India), with an electorate of around 375 million eligible voters in 2024. Since 1979, the Parliament has been directly elected every five years by the citizens of the European Union through universal suffrage. Voter turnout in parliamentary elections decreased each time after 1979 until 2019, when voter turnout increased by eight percentage points, and rose above 50% for the first time since 1994. The voting age is 18 in all EU member states e ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Council Of The European Union
The Council of the European Union, often referred to in the treaties and other official documents simply as the Council, and less formally known as the Council of Ministers, is the third of the seven institutions of the European Union (EU) as listed in the Treaty on European Union. It is one of two legislative bodies and together with the European Parliament serves to amend and approve, or veto, the proposals of the European Commission, which holds the right of initiative. The Council of the European Union and the European Council are the only EU institutions that are explicitly intergovernmental, that is, forums whose attendees express and represent the position of their Member State's executive, be they ambassadors, ministers or heads of state/government. The Council meets in 10 different configurations of national ministers (one per state). The precise membership of these configurations varies according to the topic under consideration; for example, when discussin ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Passenger Rights
Passenger rights are the rights of passengers of public transportation. According to passenger rights regulations, a person may be entitled to compensation in the case of: * injury or death * delays * damage or loss of luggage * erroneous scheduling information This covers various means of transportation, including * airplanes * trains * buses * ferries Rail transport European Union Train passengers in the European Union are entitled to a 25% refund of the ticket price in the case of delays between 60 and 119 minutes. A delay of 120 minutes or more entitles them to a 50% refund. United Kingdom * 20% refund for delays of at least 60 minutes Air transport See also * Lost luggage Lost luggage is luggage conveyed by a public carrier such as an airline, seafaring cruise ship, shipping company, or railway which fails to arrive at the correct destination with the passenger. In the United States, an average of 1 in 150 peo ... Bibliography * Stephan Keiler: Ansprüch ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
EU Law
European Union law is a system of Supranational union, supranational Law, laws operating within the 27 member states of the European Union (EU). It has grown over time since the 1952 founding of the European Coal and Steel Community, to promote peace, social justice, a social market economy with full employment, and environmental protection. The Treaties of the European Union agreed to by member states form its constitutional structure. EU law is interpreted by, and EU case law is created by, the judicial branch, known collectively as the Court of Justice of the European Union. Legal Act of the European Union, Legal Acts of the EU are created by a variety of European Union legislative procedure, EU legislative procedures involving the popularly elected European Parliament, the Council of the European Union (which represents member governments), the European Commission (a cabinet which is elected jointly by the Council and Parliament) and sometimes the European Council (composed o ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Regulation (European Union)
A regulation is a legal act of the European Union which becomes immediately enforceable as law in all Member state of the European Union, member states simultaneously. Regulations can be distinguished from directive (European Union), directives which, at least in principle, need to be Transposition (law), transposed into national law. Regulations can be adopted by means of a variety of European Union legislative procedure, legislative procedures depending on their subject matter. Despite their name, Regulations are primary legislation rather than Delegated legislation, regulatory delegated legislation; as such, they are often described as "Acts" (e.g. the Digital Services Act). Description The description of regulations can be found in Article 288 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (formerly Article 249 Treaty establishing the European Community, TEC). Article 288 To exercise the Union's competences, the institutions shall adopt regulations, directives, decis ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
UK Enterprise Law
British enterprise law concerns the ownership and regulation of organisations producing goods and services in the UK, European and international economy. Private enterprises are usually incorporated under the Companies Act 2006, regulated by company law, competition law, and insolvency law, while almost one third of the workforce and half of the UK economy is in enterprises subject to special regulation. Enterprise law mediates the rights and duties of investors, workers, consumers and the public to ensure efficient production, and deliver services that UK and international law sees as universal human rights. Labour, company, competition and insolvency law create general rights for stakeholders, and set a basic framework for enterprise governance, but rules of governance, competition and insolvency are altered in specific enterprises to uphold the public interest, as well as civil and social rights. Universities and schools have traditionally been publicly established, and soc ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Through-ticket
A train ticket is a transit pass ticket issued by a railway operator that enables the bearer to travel on the operator's network or a partner's network. Tickets can authorize the bearer to travel a set itinerary at a specific time (common for long-distance railroads), a set itinerary at any time (common for commuter railroads), a set itinerary at multiple times, or an arbitrary itinerary at specific times. The last two categories are often called ''passes'': the former is often sold as a discounted block of trips for commuters; the latter is often sold to vacationers, such as European Eurail passes. In some countries, like Italy, and some local railways in Germany, conductors are not used. Instead passengers are expected to validate tickets in a special stamping machine before entering the train. A system of coupons that are validated with a special machine exists on the Mumbai Suburban Railway where combinations of coupons of denominations are used to get the corresponding t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Season Ticket
A season ticket, or season pass, is a ticket that grants privileges over a defined period of time. History The ''Oxford English Dictionary'' has illustrative quotations which show the term ''season ticket'' used in the United States in 1820 for theatre tickets; and in the United Kingdom in 1836 for boat travel and 1862 for rail transport. Sports In sports, a season ticket grants the holder access to all regular-season home games for one season without additional charges. The ticket usually offers a discounted price over purchasing a ticket for each of the home games for a season individually. In some sports, season ticket holders are usually allowed to buy tickets for other home games (such as the playoffs) earlier than other fans, and may be given priority when buying tickets for their team's allocation at an away game. Seats assigned to season tickets are generally the better ones in their seating section. Season ticket holders are frequently offered preferred sea ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Single European Railway Directive 2012
The Single European Railway Directive 20122012/34/EU is an EU Directive that regulates railway networks in European Union law. This recast the First Railway Directive 91/440/EEC and consolidates legislation from each of the first to the fourth "Package" from 1991 to 2016, and allows open access operations on railway lines by companies other than those that own the rail infrastructure. The legislation was extended by further directives to include cross border transit of freight. In September 2010, the process of merging the directives into a single piece of legislation was begun, with the addition of modifications to strengthen the regulatory framework. The Second Railway Package, the Third Railway Package, and the Fourth Railway Package aim to push integration further. Background In many countries in Europe, the railway systems developed as separate privately owned companies operating regional networks, such as in the United Kingdom, France, Ireland, or Germany. Rail companie ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Fourth Railway Package
The fourth railway package is a set of changes to rail transport regulation in the European Union law. It covers standards and authorisation for rolling stock; workforce skills; independent management of infrastructure; and the liberalisation of domestic passenger services in an attempt to reduce European rail subsidies. Background The fourth railway package attempts to reform railways companies (whether private or public) that are able to raise prices if they dominate both tracks and the trains. Because of scepticism in most countries about the value of liberalisation, the package permits tracks and trains to be owned by a single holding company. The "compliance verification clause" could allow regulators to place sanctions on parts of a vertically integrated rail business which place obstacles in the way of competitors trying to provide services on their network; this would improve competition. Responsibility for authorising rolling stock to use a network would be shifted away ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Flight Compensation Regulation 2004
Flight or flying is the motion of an object through an atmosphere, or through the vacuum of space, without contacting any planetary surface. This can be achieved by generating aerodynamic lift associated with gliding or propulsive thrust, aerostatically using buoyancy, or by ballistic movement. Many things can fly, from animal aviators such as birds, bats and insects, to natural gliders/parachuters such as patagial animals, anemochorous seeds and ballistospores, to human inventions like aircraft (airplanes, helicopters, airships, balloons, etc.) and rockets which may propel spacecraft and spaceplanes. The engineering aspects of flight are the purview of aerospace engineering which is subdivided into aeronautics, the study of vehicles that travel through the atmosphere, and astronautics, the study of vehicles that travel through space, and ballistics, the study of the flight of projectiles. Types of flight Buoyant flight Humans have managed to construct lighter-than-a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
