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Radio-86RK
The Radio-86RK () is a build-it-yourself home computer designed in the Soviet Union. It was featured in the popular ''Radio'' () magazine for radio hams and electronics hobbyists in 1986. The letters RK in the title stands for the words ''Radio ham's Computer'' (). Design of the computer was published in a series of articles describing its logical structure, electrical circuitry, drawings of printed circuit boards and firmware. The computer could be built entirely out of standard off-the-shelf parts. Later it was also available in a kit form as well as fully assembled form. Predecessors The Radio-86RK is the successor of earlier build-it-yourself computer of the same designers, the Micro-80, and has limited compatibility with it. Its description was also published in a series of articles in the ''Radio'' magazine in the early 1980s. But its complex design, consisting of several modules and containing about 200 chips, lack of printed circuit board drawings and most importantly ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Micro-80
The Micro-80 () was the first do-it-yourself home computer in the Soviet Union. Overview Schematics and information were published in the local DIY electronic magazine ''Radio'' in 1983. It was complex, using an KR580VM80A-based system (a clone of the Intel 8080 The Intel 8080 is Intel's second 8-bit computing, 8-bit microprocessor. Introduced in April 1974, the 8080 was an enhanced successor to the earlier Intel 8008 microprocessor, although without binary compatibility.'' Electronic News'' was a week ...) which contained about 200 ICs. This system gained low popularity, but set a precedent in getting the attention of hobbyists for DIY computers, and later other DIY computers were published by ''Radio'' and other DIY magazines.Сергей Попов (2011). История создания компьютеров "Микро-80", "Радио-86РК" и "Микрошаzxbyte.ru/ref> History of creation The creation of the Micro-80 prototype began in 1978, when a package from ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
KR580VM80A
The KR580VM80A () is a Soviet microprocessor, a clone (computer science), clone of the Intel Intel 8080, 8080 CPU. Different versions of this CPU were manufactured beginning in the late 1970s, the earliest known use being in the SM EVM, SM1800 computer in 1979. Initially called the K580IK80 (К580ИК80), it was produced in a 48-pin planar process, planar metal-ceramic package. Later, a version in a Dual in-line package, PDIP-40 package was produced and was named the KR580IK80A (КР580ИК80А). The pin layout of the latter completely matched that of Intel's Intel 8080, 8080A CPU. In 1986 this CPU received a new part number to conform with the 1980 Soviet integrated circuit designation and became known as the KR580VM80A (КР580ВМ80А), the number it is most widely known by today (the KR580VV51A and KR580VV55A peripheral devices went through similar revisions). Normal clock frequency for the K580IK80A is 2 MHz, with speeds up to 2.5 MHz for the KR580VM80A. The KR580IK8 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Intel 8080
The Intel 8080 is Intel's second 8-bit computing, 8-bit microprocessor. Introduced in April 1974, the 8080 was an enhanced successor to the earlier Intel 8008 microprocessor, although without binary compatibility.'' Electronic News'' was a weekly trade newspaper. The same advertisement appeared in the :File:Intel 8080 Advertisement May 1974.jpg, May 2, 1974, issue of ''Electronics'' magazine. Originally intended for use in Embedded system, embedded systems such as calculators, cash registers, computer terminals, and industrial robots, its robust performance soon led to adoption in a broader range of systems, ultimately helping to launch the microcomputer industry. Several key design choices contributed to the 8080’s success. Its 40‑pin package simplified interfacing compared to the 8008’s 18‑pin design, enabling a more efficient data bus. The transition to NMOS logic, NMOS technology provided faster transistor speeds than the 8008's PMOS logic, PMOS while also simplifyin ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Home Computer
Home computers were a class of microcomputers that entered the market in 1977 and became common during the 1980s. They were marketed to consumers as affordable and accessible computers that, for the first time, were intended for the use of a single, non-technical user. These computers were a distinct market segment that typically cost much less than business, scientific, or engineering-oriented computers of the time, such as those running CP/M or the IBM PC, and were generally less powerful in terms of computer memory, memory and expandability. However, a home computer often had better video display controller, graphics and sound than contemporary business computers. Their most common uses were word processing, playing video games, and computer programming, programming. Home computers were usually sold already manufactured in stylish metal or plastic enclosures. However, some home computers also came as commercial electronic kits, like the ZX80, Sinclair ZX80, which were both h ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Composite Video
Composite video, also known as CVBS (composite video baseband signal or color, video, blanking and sync), is an analog video format that combines image information—such as brightness (luminance), color (chrominance), and synchronization, into a single signal transmitted over one channel. It is most commonly used for standard-definition television, and is sometimes referred to as ''SD video''. The signal is typically carried on a yellow RCA connector, with separate connectors used for left and right audio channels. In professional equipment, a BNC connector is often used instead. Other connector types may appear in compact consumer devices like digital cameras. Composite video supports several line resolutions, including 405-line, 525-line, and 625-line interlaced formats. It exists in three major regional variants based on analog color encoding standards: NTSC, PAL, and SECAM. The same format can also be used to transmit monochrome (black-and-white) video. Signal comp ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Intel 8275
The Intel 8085 ("''eighty-eighty-five''") is an 8-bit microprocessor produced by Intel and introduced in March 1976. It is software-binary compatible with the more-famous Intel 8080. It is the last 8-bit microprocessor developed by Intel. The "5" in the part number highlighted the fact that the 8085 uses a single +5-volt (V) power supply, compared to the 8080's +5, -5 and +12V, which makes the 8085 easier to integrate into systems that by this time were mostly +5V. The other major change was the addition of a serial port, with separate input and output pins. This was often all that was needed in simple systems and eliminated the need for separate integrated circuits to provide this functionality, as well as simplifying the computer bus as a result. The only changes in the instruction set compared to the 8080 were instructions for reading and writing data using these pins. The 8085 is supplied in a 40-pin DIP package. Given the new serial pins, this required multiplexing 8-bit ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Memory Refresh
Memory refresh is a process of periodically reading information from an area of computer memory and immediately rewriting the read information to the same area without modification, for the purpose of preserving the information."refresh cycle" in Memory refresh is a background maintenance process required during the operation of semiconductor dynamic random-access memory (DRAM), the most widely used type of computer memory, and in fact is the defining characteristic of this class of memory. In a DRAM chip, each bit of memory data is stored as the presence or absence of an electric charge on a small capacitor on the chip. As time passes, the charges in the memory cells leak away, so without being refreshed the stored data would eventually be lost. To prevent this, external circuitry periodically reads each cell and rewrites it, restoring the charge on the capacitor to its original level. Each memory refresh cycle refreshes a succeeding area of memory cells, thus repeatedly refresh ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Direct Memory Access
Direct memory access (DMA) is a feature of computer systems that allows certain hardware subsystems to access main system computer memory, memory independently of the central processing unit (CPU). Without DMA, when the CPU is using programmed input/output, it is typically fully occupied for the entire duration of the read or write operation, and is thus unavailable to perform other work. With DMA, the CPU first initiates the transfer, then it does other operations while the transfer is in progress, and it finally receives an interrupt from the DMA controller (DMAC) when the operation is done. This feature is useful at any time that the CPU cannot keep up with the rate of data transfer, or when the CPU needs to perform work while waiting for a relatively slow I/O data transfer. Many hardware systems use DMA, including disk drive controllers, graphics cards, network cards and sound cards. DMA is also used for intra-chip data transfer in some multi-core processors. Computers that h ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Intel 8257
The Intel 8257 is a direct memory access Direct memory access (DMA) is a feature of computer systems that allows certain hardware subsystems to access main system computer memory, memory independently of the central processing unit (CPU). Without DMA, when the CPU is using programmed i ... (DMA) controller, a part of the MCS 85 microprocessor family. The chip is supplied in 40-pin DIP package. See also * Intel 8237 - DMA Controller External links * Intel8257/8257-5 Programmable DMA Controller(PDF; 2,2 MB). * NEC Electronics (Europe) GmbH, 1982 Catalog, p. 665–674 . * NEC Electronics Inc. Intel chipsets Input/output integrated circuits {{comp-har ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cathode Ray Tube
A cathode-ray tube (CRT) is a vacuum tube containing one or more electron guns, which emit electron beams that are manipulated to display images on a phosphorescent screen. The images may represent electrical waveforms on an oscilloscope, a Film frame, frame of video on an Analog television, analog television set (TV), Digital imaging, digital raster graphics on a computer monitor, or other phenomena like radar targets. A CRT in a TV is commonly called a picture tube. CRTs have also been Williams tube, used as memory devices, in which case the screen is not intended to be visible to an observer. The term ''cathode ray'' was used to describe electron beams when they were first discovered, before it was understood that what was emitted from the cathode was a beam of electrons. In CRT TVs and computer monitors, the entire front area of the tube is scanned repeatedly and systematically in a fixed pattern called a raster scan, raster. In color devices, an image is produced by con ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Video Controller
A graphics card (also called a video card, display card, graphics accelerator, graphics adapter, VGA card/VGA, video adapter, display adapter, or colloquially GPU) is a computer expansion card that generates a feed of graphics output to a display device such as a monitor. Graphics cards are sometimes called ''discrete'' or ''dedicated'' graphics cards to emphasize their distinction to an integrated graphics processor on the motherboard or the central processing unit (CPU). A graphics processing unit (GPU) that performs the necessary computations is the main component in a graphics card, but the acronym "GPU" is sometimes also used to refer to the graphics card as a whole erroneously. Most graphics cards are not limited to simple display output. The graphics processing unit can be used for additional processing, which reduces the load from the CPU. Additionally, computing platforms such as OpenCL and CUDA allow using graphics cards for general-purpose computing. Applications of g ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Machine Code Monitor
A machine code monitor ( machine language monitor) is software that allows a user to enter commands to view and change memory address, memory locations on a computer, with options to load and save memory contents from/to secondary storage. Some full-featured machine code monitors provide detailed control ("single-stepping") of the execution of machine language programs (much like a debugger), and include absolute-address Assembly language#Assembler, code assembly and disassembler, disassembly capabilities. Motorola published the MIKBUG ROM monitor for the 6800 in 1973 and the BUFFALO ROM monitor for the Motorola 68HC11, 68HC11. Machine code monitors became popular during the home computer era of the 1970s and 1980s and were sometimes available as resident firmware in some computers (e.g., the built-in monitors in the Commodore 128, Zenith Z-89, Heathkit H89 and Zenith laptops). Often, computer manufacturers rely on their ROM-resident monitors to permit users to reconfigure their ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
