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Rad51
DNA repair protein RAD51 homolog 1 is a protein encoded by the gene ''RAD51''. The enzyme encoded by this gene is a member of the RAD51 protein family which assists in repair of DNA double strand breaks. RAD51 family members are homologous to the bacterial RecA, Archaeal RadA, and yeast Rad51. The protein is highly conserved in most eukaryotes, from yeast to humans. The name RAD51 derives from ''radiation sensitive protein 51''. Variants Two alternatively spliced transcript variants of this gene have been reported, which encode distinct proteins. Transcript variants utilizing alternative polyA signals also exist. Family In mammals, seven recA-like genes have been identified: Rad51, Rad51L1/B, Rad51L2/C, Rad51L3/D, XRCC2, XRCC3, and DMC1/Lim15. All of these proteins, with the exception of meiosis-specific DMC1, are essential for development in mammals. Rad51 is a member of thRecA-like NTPases Function In humans, RAD51 is a 339-amino acid protein that plays ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
RAD51C
RAD51 homolog C (S. cerevisiae), also known as RAD51C, is a protein which in humans is encoded by the ''RAD51C'' gene. Function The RAD51C protein is one of five Homology (biology)#Paralogy, paralogs of RAD51, including RAD51B (RAD51L1), RAD51C (RAD51L2), RAD51D (RAD51L3), XRCC2 and XRCC3. They each share about 25% amino acid sequence identity with RAD51 and each other. The RAD51 paralogs are all required for efficient DNA double-strand break repair by homologous recombination and depletion of any paralog results in significant decreases in homologous recombination frequency. RAD51C forms two distinct complexes with other related paralogs: BCDX2 (RAD51B-RAD51C-RAD51D-XRCC2) and CX3 (RAD51C-XRCC3). These two complexes act at two different stages of homologous recombinational DNA repair. The BCDX2 complex is responsible for RAD51 recruitment or stabilization at damage sites. The BCDX2 complex appears to act by facilitating the assembly or stability of the RAD51#Function, RAD5 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
BRCA2
''BRCA2'' and BRCA2 () are human genes and their protein products, respectively. The official symbol (BRCA2, italic for the gene, nonitalic for the protein) and the official name (originally breast cancer 2; currently BRCA2, DNA repair associated) are gene nomenclature, maintained by the HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee. One alternative symbol, FANCD1, recognizes its association with the FANC proteins, FANC protein complex. Orthologs, styled ''Brca2'' and Brca2, are common in other vertebrate species. May 2021 ''BRCA2'' is a human tumor suppressor gene (specifically, a caretaker gene), found in all humans; its protein, also called by the synonym breast cancer type 2 susceptibility protein, is responsible for repairing DNA. ''BRCA2'' and ''BRCA1'' are normally expressed in the cells of breast and other tissue, where they help repair damaged DNA or destroy cells if DNA cannot be repaired. They are involved in the repair of chromosome, chromosomal damage with an important role in th ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
XRCC2
DNA repair protein XRCC2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''XRCC2'' gene. Function This gene encodes a member of the RecA/Rad51-related protein family that participates in homologous recombination to maintain chromosome stability and repair DNA damage. This gene is involved in the repair of DNA double-strand breaks by homologous recombination and it functionally complements Chinese hamster irs1, a repair-deficient mutant that exhibits hypersensitivity to a number of different DNA-damaging agents. The XRCC2 protein is one of five human paralogs of RAD51, including RAD51B (RAD51L1), RAD51C (RAD51L2), RAD51D (RAD51L3), XRCC2 and XRCC3. They each share about 25% amino acid sequence identity with RAD51 and each other. The RAD51 paralogs are all required for efficient DNA double-strand break repair by homologous recombination and depletion of any paralog results in significant decreases in homologous recombination frequency. XRCC2 forms a four-part complex with three ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
RAD51L3
DNA repair protein RAD51 homolog 4 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''RAD51L3'' gene. Function The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the RAD51 protein family. RAD51 family members are highly similar to bacterial RecA and Saccharomyces cerevisiae Rad51, which are known to be involved in the homologous recombination and repair of DNA. This protein forms a complex with several other members of the RAD51 family, including RAD51L1, RAD51L2, and XRCC2. The protein complex formed with this protein has been shown to catalyze homologous pairing between single- and double-stranded DNA, and is thought to play a role in the early stage of recombinant DNA repair. Several alternatively spliced transcript variants of this gene have been described, but the biological validity of some of them has not been determined. Interactions RAD51L3 has been shown to interact with: * Bloom syndrome protein, * RAD51C RAD51 homolog C (S. cerevisiae), also known as RAD51C, is a p ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
XRCC3
DNA repair protein XRCC3 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''XRCC3'' gene. Function This gene encodes a member of the RecA/Rad51-related protein family that participates in homologous recombination to maintain chromosome stability and repair DNA damage. This gene functionally complements Chinese hamster irs1SF, a repair-deficient mutant that exhibits hypersensitivity to a number of different DNA-damaging agents and is chromosomally unstable. A rare microsatellite polymorphism in this gene is associated with cancer in patients of varying radiosensitivity. The XRCC3 protein is one of five paralogs of RAD51, including RAD51B ( RAD51L1), RAD51C (RAD51L2), RAD51D ( RAD51L3), XRCC2 and XRCC3. They each share about 25% amino acid sequence identity with RAD51 and each other. The RAD51 paralogs are all required for efficient DNA double-strand break repair by homologous recombination and depletion of any paralog results in significant decreases in homologous recombination ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
RAD51L1
DNA repair protein RAD51 homolog 2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''RAD51L1'' gene. Function The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the RAD51 protein family. RAD51 family members are evolutionarily conserved proteins essential for DNA repair by homologous recombination. This protein has been shown to form a stable heterodimer with the family member RAD51C, which further interacts with the other family members, such as RAD51, XRCC2, and XRCC3. Overexpression of this gene was found to cause cell cycle G1 delay and cell apoptosis, which suggested a role of this protein in sensing DNA damage. At least three alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding distinct isoforms have been observed. RAD51L1 is employed in the repair of DNA double-strand breaks. Different polymorphisms of the RAD51L1 gene modulate sensitivity to gamma rays and also glioma risk. Interactions RAD51L1 has been shown to interact with RAD51C RAD51 homolog C (S. cerevisiae), a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
RAD52
RAD52 homolog (S. cerevisiae), also known as RAD52, is a protein which in humans is encoded by the ''RAD52'' gene. Function The protein encoded by this gene shares similarity with ''Saccharomyces cerevisiae'' Rad52, a protein important for DNA double-strand break repair and homologous recombination. This gene product was shown to bind single-stranded DNA ends, and mediate the DNA-DNA interaction necessary for the annealing of complementary DNA strands. It was also found to interact with DNA recombination protein RAD51, which suggested its role in RAD51-related DNA recombination and repair. ''aka'' RAD52 homolog, DNA repair protein ''Homo sapiens'' (human)">nowiki>''Homo sapiens'' (human)/ref> Role in DNA recombination repair RAD52 mediates RAD51 function in homologous recombinational repair (HRR) in both yeast ''Saccharomyces cerevisiae'' and in mammalian cells of mice and humans. However, the RAD52 protein has distinctly different functions in HRR of yeast and humans. ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
PALB2
Partner and localizer of BRCA2, also known as PALB2 or FANCN, is a protein which in humans is encoded by the ''PALB2'' gene. Function This gene encodes a protein that functions in genome maintenance (DNA repair#Double-strand breaks, double strand break repair). This protein binds to and colocalizes with the breast cancer 2 early onset protein (BRCA2) in nuclear foci and likely permits the stable intranuclear localization and accumulation of BRCA2. PALB2 binds the single strand DNA and directly interacts with the recombinase RAD51 to stimulate strand invasion, a vital step of homologous recombination, PALB2 can function synergistically with a BRCA2 chimera (termed piccolo, or piBRCA2) to further promote strand invasion. Clinical significance Variants in the ''PALB2'' gene are associated with an increased risk of developing breast cancer of magnitude similar to that associated with BRCA2 mutations and ''PALB2''-deficient cells are sensitive to PARP inhibitors. ''PALB2'' ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
DMC1
Meiotic recombination protein DMC1/LIM15 homolog is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''DMC1'' gene. Meiotic recombination protein Dmc1 is a homolog of the bacterial strand exchange protein RecA. Dmc1 plays the central role in homologous recombination in meiosis by assembling at the sites of programmed DNA double strand breaks and carrying out a search for allelic DNA sequences located on homologous chromatids. The name "Dmc" stands for "disrupted meiotic cDNA" and refers to the method used for its discovery which involved using clones from a meiosis-specific cDNA library to direct knock-out mutations of abundantly expressed meiotic genes The Dmc1 protein is one of two homologs of RecA found in eukaryotic cells, the other being Rad51. DMC1 and RAD51 share over 50% amino acid similarity. In budding yeast, Rad51 serves as a strand exchange protein in mitosis where it is critical for the repair of DNA breaks. Rad51 is converted to an accessory factor for Dmc1 during me ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
DNA Repair
DNA repair is a collection of processes by which a cell (biology), cell identifies and corrects damage to the DNA molecules that encode its genome. A weakened capacity for DNA repair is a risk factor for the development of cancer. DNA is constantly modified in Cell (biology), cells, by internal metabolism, metabolic by-products, and by external ionizing radiation, ultraviolet light, and medicines, resulting in spontaneous DNA damage involving tens of thousands of individual molecular lesions per cell per day. DNA modifications can also be programmed. Molecular lesions can cause structural damage to the DNA molecule, and can alter or eliminate the cell's ability for Transcription (biology), transcription and gene expression. Other lesions may induce potentially harmful mutations in the cell's genome, which affect the survival of its daughter cells following mitosis. Consequently, DNA repair as part of the DNA damage response (DDR) is constantly active. When normal repair proce ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cancer Epigenetics
Cancer epigenetics is the study of epigenetics, epigenetic modifications to the DNA of cancer cells that do not involve a change in the nucleotide sequence, but instead involve a change in the way the genetic code is expressed. Epigenetic mechanisms are necessary to maintain normal sequences of tissue specific gene expression and are crucial for normal development. They may be just as important, if not even more important, than mutation, genetic mutations in a cell's transformation to cancer. The disturbance of epigenetic processes in cancers, can lead to a loss of gene expression, expression of genes that occurs about 10 times more frequently by transcription silencing (caused by epigenetic promoter hypermethylation of CpG site#Methylation, silencing, cancer, and aging, CpG islands) than by mutations. As Vogelstein et al. points out, in a colorectal cancer there are usually about 3 to 6 driver mutations and 33 to 66 Genetic hitchhiking, hitchhiker or passenger mutations. However ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Homologous Recombination
Homologous recombination is a type of genetic recombination in which genetic information is exchanged between two similar or identical molecules of double-stranded or single-stranded nucleic acids (usually DNA as in Cell (biology), cellular organisms but may be also RNA in viruses). Homologous recombination is widely used by cells to accurately DNA repair, repair harmful DNA breaks that occur on both strands of DNA, known as double-strand breaks (DSB), in a process called homologous recombinational repair (HRR). Homologous recombination also produces new combinations of DNA sequences during meiosis, the process by which eukaryotes make gamete cells, like sperm and ovum, egg cells in animals. These new combinations of DNA represent genetic variation in offspring, which in turn enables populations to Adaptation, adapt during the course of evolution. Homologous recombination is also used in horizontal gene transfer to exchange genetic material between different strains and species ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
