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Racovian Catechism
The Racovian Catechism ('' Pol.'': Katechizm Rakowski) is a nontrinitarian statement of faith from the 16th century. The title ''Racovian'' comes from the publishers, the Polish Brethren, who had founded a sizeable town in Raków, Kielce County, where the Racovian Academy and printing press was founded by Jakub Sienieński in 1602. Authors The Polish Brethren or ''Ecclesia Minor'' were an antitrinitarian minority of the Reformed Church in Poland who had separated from the Calvinist majority, or ''Ecclesia Major'', in 1565. Several authors had a hand in drafting the Catechism: Valentinus Smalcius, Hieronim Moskorzowski, Johannes Völkel and others. It is likely that some of the text had been prepared by the Italian exile Fausto Sozzini, who had settled among the Polish Brethren in 1579, without ever formally joining, and who died in the year before the Catechism was drafted. Despite his lack of any official status in the church Sozzini had been influential in bringing the Po ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Polish Language
Polish (, , or simply , ) is a West Slavic languages, West Slavic language of the Lechitic languages, Lechitic subgroup, within the Indo-European languages, Indo-European language family, and is written in the Latin script. It is primarily spoken in Poland and serves as the official language of the country, as well as the language of the Polish diaspora around the world. In 2024, there were over 39.7 million Polish native speakers. It ranks as the sixth-most-spoken among languages of the European Union. Polish is subdivided into regional Dialects of Polish, dialects. It maintains strict T–V distinction pronouns, Honorifics (linguistics), honorifics, and various forms of formalities when addressing individuals. The traditional 32-letter Polish alphabet has nine additions (, , , , , , , , ) to the letters of the basic 26-letter Latin alphabet, while removing three (x, q, v). Those three letters are at times included in an extended 35-letter alphabet. The traditional set compri ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Nontrinitarians
Nontrinitarianism is a form of Christianity that rejects the orthodox Christian theology of the Trinity—the belief that God is three distinct hypostases or persons who are coeternal, coequal, and indivisibly united in one being, or essence (from the Ancient Greek ). Certain religious groups that emerged during the Protestant Reformation have historically been known as antitrinitarian. According to churches that consider the decisions of ecumenical councils final, trinitarianism was definitively declared to be Christian doctrine at the 4th-century ecumenical councils, that of the First Council of Nicaea (325), which declared the full divinity of the Son, and the First Council of Constantinople (381), which declared the divinity of the Holy Spirit. In terms of number of adherents, nontrinitarian denominations comprise a small minority of modern Christians. After the denominations in the Oneness Pentecostal movement, the largest nontrinitarian Christian denominations are the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Resurrection
Resurrection or anastasis is the concept of coming back to life after death. Reincarnation is a similar process hypothesized by other religions involving the same person or deity returning to another body. The disappearance of a body is another similar but distinct belief in some religions. With the advent of written records, the earliest known recurrent theme of resurrection was in Egyptian and Canaanite religions, which had cults of dying-and-rising gods such as Osiris and Baal. Ancient Greek religion generally emphasised immortality, but in the mythos, a number of individuals were made physically immortal as they were resurrected from the dead. The universal resurrection of the dead at the end of the world is a standard eschatological belief in the Abrahamic religions. As a religious concept, resurrection is used in two distinct respects: # a belief in the ''individual resurrections'' of individual souls that is current and ongoing (e.g., Christian idealism, realized e ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Christian Mortalism
Christian mortalism is the Christian belief that the human soul is not naturally immortal and may include the belief that the soul is "sleeping" after death until the Resurrection of the Dead and the Last Judgment, a time known as the intermediate state. "Soul sleep" is often used as a pejorative term, so the more neutral term "mortalism" was also used in the nineteenth century, and "Christian mortalism" since the 1970s. Historically the term psychopannychism was also used, despite problems with the etymology and application. The term thnetopsychism has also been used; for example, Gordon Campbell (2008) identified John Milton as believing in the latter. Christian mortalism stands in contrast with the traditional Christian belief that the souls of the dead immediately go to heaven, or hell, or (in Catholicism) purgatory. Christian mortalism has been taught by several theologians and church organizations throughout history while also facing opposition from aspects of Christia ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ego Eimi
Ego or EGO may refer to: Social sciences * Ego (Freudian), one of the three constructs in Sigmund Freud's structural model of the psyche * Egoism, an ethical theory that treats self-interest as the foundation of morality * Egotism, the drive to maintain and enhance favorable views of oneself * Egocentrism, the inability to differentiate between self and other * Self-concept, a collection of beliefs about oneself that embodies the answer to "Who am I?" Arts and media Music * Egó, an Icelandic band * ''Ego'' (Oomph! album), 2001 * Ego (Tony Williams Lifetime album), 1971 * ''E.G.O.'' (album), a 2018 album by Lucie Silvas * "Ego" (Big Bang song), 2012 * "Ego" (Beyoncé song), 2009 * "Ego" (Halsey song), 2024 * "Ego" (Ella Eyre song), 2017 * "Ego" (Elton John song), 1978 * "Ego" (Kim Wilde song), 1982 * "Ego" (Lali song), 2016 * "Ego" (The Saturdays song), 2010 * "Ego" (Spunge song), 2000 * "Ego" (Willy William song), 2015 * "Ego", a 2025 song by 2hollis from ''Star'' * ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pre-existence Of Christ
The pre-existence of Christ asserts the existence of Christ prior to his incarnation as Jesus. One of the relevant Bible passages is John 1 () where, in the Trinitarian interpretation, Christ is identified with a pre-existent divine hypostasis (substantive reality) called the ''Logos'' (Koine Greek for "word"). There are nontrinitarian views that question the aspect of personal pre-existence, the aspect of divinity, or both. More particularly, John 1:15, 18 says: This doctrine is supported in when Jesus refers to the glory that he had with the Father "before the world existed" during the Farewell Discourse.''Creation and Christology: A Study on the Johannine Prologue in the Light of Early Jewish Creation Accounts'' by Masanobu Endo 2002 page 233 also refers to the Father loving Jesus "before the foundation of the world". , , and are passages that are seen as evidence that Paul believed in the pre-existence of Christ. Although the interpretation that these passages ref ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Arian
Arianism (, ) is a Christological doctrine which rejects the traditional notion of the Trinity and considers Jesus to be a creation of God, and therefore distinct from God. It is named after its major proponent, Arius (). It is considered heretical by most modern mainstream branches of Christianity. It is held by a minority of modern denominations, although some of these denominations hold related doctrines such as Socinianism, and some shy away from use of the term Arian due to the term's historically negative connotations. Modern denominations sometimes connected to the teaching include Jehovah's Witnesses, some individual churches within the Churches of Christ (including the movement's founder Barton W. Stone), as well as some Hebrew Roots Christians and Messianic Jews (although many Messianic Jews also follow Nicene Christianity). It is first attributed to Arius (), a Christian presbyter who preached and studied in Alexandria, Egypt, although it developed out of vari ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Socinian
Socinianism ( ) is a Nontrinitarian Christian belief system developed and co-founded during the Protestant Reformation by the Italian Renaissance humanists and theologians Lelio Sozzini and Fausto Sozzini, uncle and nephew, respectively. It was developed among the Polish Brethren in the Polish Reformed Church between the 16th and 17th centuries, and embraced by the Unitarian Church of Transylvania during the same period. Socinianism is most famous for its unitarian belief but contains a number of other distinctive theological doctrines, such as the denial of divine foreknowledge regarding the actions of free agents and rejection of the pre-existence of Christ. Origins The beliefs of Socinianism date from the wing of the Protestant Reformation known as the Radical Reformation and have their root in the Italian Anabaptist movement of the 1540s, such as the anti-trinitarian Council of Venice in 1550. Lelio Sozzini was the first of the Italian anti-trinitarians to go be ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Thomas Rees (Unitarian Minister)
Thomas Rees (17771 August 1864), Welsh Nonconformist divine, was a Unitarian minister and scholar. Rees was educated at the Presbyterian College, Carmarthen. He entered the Unitarian ministry in 1807 at the Newington Green Unitarian Church, London. He went to Southwark in 1813, earned the degree of LL.D. of Glasgow in 1819, and went to Stamford Street, Blackfriars, in 1823. He had great knowledge of the history of anti-trinitarian opinion, especially of the 16th century. He published papers, chiefly in the ''Monthly Repository'' between 1818 and 1822, on such subjects as Faustus Socinus and Francis David, including ''The Italian Reformation, Memoirs of the Socini.'' Financial troubles drove him to Spain in 1853, and he died in obscurity in Brighton. Life He was born in Gelligron, Glamorgan, the son of Josiah Rees; George Owen Rees was his nephew. He started in the bookselling business, but on the advice of Abraham Rees (no relation), he was educated for the ministry ( ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Benedykt Wiszowaty
Benedykt Wiszowaty (c.1650 – after 1704 Kosinowo) was a Polish Socinian, nobleman, author and publisher. After the Sejm expelled the Socinians from Poland, he left the country with his father. From 1666, they lived in Amsterdam, where he conducted publishing activities. Around 1680 he moved to the Duchy of Prussia. At the synod of Polish brothers in Rudówka on October 14, 1684, he was elected minister of the protestant church in Kosinowo.Tadeusz Oracki, ''Słownik biograficzny Warmii Prus Książęcych i Ziemi Malborskiej od połowy XV do końca XVIII wieku'', L-Ż, Olsztyn, 1988, Family Polish nobleman. Coat-of-arms: Pierzchała/Roch :great-great-grandfather Krzysztof Morsztyn Sr. (1522-1600) founder of Filipów. :great-grandparents Fausto Sozzini and Elżbieta Morsztyn (sister of Krzysztof Morsztyn Jr. c.1580-d.1642) :grandparents Stanisław Wiszowaty and Agnieszka Sozzini :parents Andrzej Wiszowaty Sr. and Agnieszka Rupniowska de Rupniów (coat-of-arms: Drużyna) : ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Andrzej Wiszowaty Sr
Andrzej is the Polish form of the given name Andrew. Notable individuals with the given name Andrzej * Andrzej Bartkowiak (born 1950), Polish film director and cinematographer * Andrzej Bobola, S.J. (1591–1657), Polish saint, missionary and martyr * Andrzej Chyra (born 1964), Polish actor * Andrzej Czarniak (1931–1985), Polish alpine skier * Andrzej Domański (born 1981), Polish economist, and politician * Andrzej Duda (born 1972), Polish 6th president * Andrzej Jajszczyk, Polish scientist * Andrzej Kmicic, fictional protagonist of Henryk Sienkiewicz's novel ''The Deluge'' * Andrzej Kokowski (born 1953), Polish archaeologist * Andrzej Krauze (born 1947), Polish-British cartoonist and illustrator * Andrzej Leder (born 1960), Polish philosopher and psychotherapist * Andrzej Mazurczak (born 1993), Polish basketball player * Andrzej Mleczko (born 1949), Polish illustrator * Andrzej Nowacki (born 1953), Polish artist * Andrzej Paczkowski (born 1938), Polish historian * Sir Andr ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
William Dugard
William Dugard, or Du Gard (9 January 1606 – 3 December 1662), was an English schoolmaster and printer. During the English Interregnum, he printed many important documents and propaganda, first in support of Charles I and later of Oliver Cromwell. He also proved a successful (if controversial) master at a number of schools, including the Merchant Taylor's School, Colchester Royal Grammar School and Stamford School, and wrote a number of non-fiction works. Early life and education Dugard was born in Bromsgrove, Worcestershire, the son of Henry Dugard, a clergyman and schoolmaster, and his wife, Elizabeth Kimberley, on 9 January 1606. Until the age of 17, Dugard was instructed in classical learning at the King's School, Worcester as a King's Scholar. On 13 September 1622 he was inducted into Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge, as a pensioner, studying with his uncle Richard Dugard. In 1629 he received a Bachelor of Arts degree and got his Master of Arts four years later. In the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
