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Racial Adjustment Action Society
The Racial Adjustment Action Society (or Raas, which in Jamaican connotes buttocks or arse) was a Black Power movement formed in 1965, following visits of Malcolm X in 1964 and 1965. Its founders were Michael de Freitas (Abdul Malik) who had emigrated to London in 1957 from Trinidad and had re-named himself Michael X, and Roy Sawh. It has been described as the forerunning Black Power organization in Britain of the time. RAAS was considered to be 'stridently militant', and in 1967 Michael X was jailed for incitement to racial hatred. Roy Sawh was also jailed for incitement to racial hatred. The Black House Early in 1969 RAAS bought premises at 95–101 Holloway Road for use as a cultural centre, shopping complex, hostel and headquarters, to be called "The Black House". On 15 January 1970 it was damaged by a fire. The police suspected that the fire had been the result of arson (which Michael X asserted was untrue), and in April 1970, Michael X and seven other RAAS members were arrest ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Malcolm X
Malcolm X (born Malcolm Little, later Malik el-Shabazz; May 19, 1925 – February 21, 1965) was an American Muslim minister and human rights activist who was a prominent figure during the civil rights movement. A spokesman for the Nation of Islam until 1964, he was a vocal advocate for Black empowerment and the promotion of Islam within the Black community. A posthumous autobiography, on which he collaborated with Alex Haley, was published in 1965. Malcolm spent his adolescence living in a series of foster homes or with relatives after his father's death and his mother's hospitalization. He committed various crimes, being sentenced to 10 years in prison in 1946 for larceny and burglary. In prison he joined the Nation of Islam (adopting the name MalcolmX to symbolize his unknown African ancestral surname while discarding "the White slavemaster name of 'Little'"), and after his parole in 1952 quickly became one of the organization's most influential leaders. He was the publ ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Michael X
Michael X (17 August 1933 – 16 May 1975), born Michael de Freitas, was a Trinidad and Tobago-born self-styled black revolutionary and civil rights activist in 1960s London. He was also known as Michael Abdul Malik and Abdul Malik. Convicted of murder in 1972, Michael X was executed by hanging in 1975 in Port of Spain's Royal Gaol. Biography Michael de Freitas was born in Belmont, Port of Spain, Trinidad and Tobago, to an " Obeah-practising black woman from Barbados and an absent Portuguese father from St Kitts". Busby, Margaret"Notting Hill to death row"(review of ''Michael X: A Life In Black And White'', by John Williams), ''The Independent'', 8 August 2008. Encouraged by his mother to pass for white, "Red Mike" was a headstrong youth and was expelled from school at the age of 14. In 1957 he emigrated to the United Kingdom, where he settled in London and worked as an enforcer and frontman for Peter Rachman, the notorious slum landlord. He professed to dislike the role ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Indian Workers Association
The Indian Workers' Association (IWA) is a political organisation in Great Britain which consists of Indian immigrants to Britain and their descendants. IWA branches are organised in some major cities such as Birmingham and London. As one of the oldest and most active groups of immigrants, the organisation has been working in the fields of politics, race relations, industrial relations and social welfare, as well as many cultural issues. At the forefront of the struggle within trade unions, it has campaigned tirelessly against racism and on civil liberties issues. Pamphlets, memorandum and statements are frequently issued by the IWA and the press regularly interview IWA leaders. ''Azad Hind'' was its earliest publication written by V P Hansrani with assistance from Kartar Nagra. By doing such publications and statements, the IWA remains permanently in the public eye. Their activity includes anti-racism campaigning, industrial action, social work within immigrant communities, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Movement For Colonial Freedom
Liberation (founded as the Movement for Colonial Freedom) is a political civil rights advocacy group founded in the United Kingdom in 1954. It had the support of many MPs, including Harold Wilson, Barbara Castle and Tony Benn, and celebrities such as Benjamin Britten. Context In 1945 one-fifth of the world was still under British sovereignty and 780 million people throughout the world lived under European colonialism. The Labour Government did not support independence and their general election manifesto gave no commitment to introduce bills to provide for self-government, except for India. The Foreign Secretary, Ernest Bevin, justified this by saying the loss of the colonies would mean falling living standards for British people. Continued colonial rule was in contradiction to the Atlantic Charter, agreed between the UK and USA to provide a blueprint for the world after World War II and which stated that "All peoples have a right to self-determination". In Malaya, Chinese Comm ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Conference Of Afro-Asian-Caribbean Organisations
A conference is a meeting of two or more experts to discuss and exchange opinions or new information about a particular topic. Conferences can be used as a form of group decision-making, although discussion, not always decisions, are the main purpose of conferences. History The first known use of "conference" appears in 1527, meaning "a meeting of two or more persons for discussing matters of common concern". It came from the word "confer", which means "to compare views or take counsel". However the idea of a conference far predates the word. Arguably, as long as there have been people, there have been meetings and discussions between people. Evidence of ancient forms of conference can be seen in archaeological ruins of common areas where people would gather to discuss shared interests such as "hunting plans, wartime activities, negotiations for peace or the organisation of tribal celebrations". Since the 1960s, conferences have become a lucrative sector of the tourism indus ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Claudia Jones
Claudia Vera Jones (; 21 February 1915 – 24 December 1964) was a Trinidad and Tobago-born journalist and activist. As a child, she migrated with her family to the US, where she became a Communist political activist, feminist and black nationalist, adopting the name Jones as "self-protective disinformation". Due to the political persecution of Communists in the US, she was deported in 1955 and subsequently lived in the United Kingdom. Upon arriving in the UK, she immediately joined the Communist Party of Great Britain and would remain a member for the rest of her life. She then founded Britain's first major black newspaper, the ''West Indian Gazette'', in 1958, and played a central role in founding the Notting Hill Carnival, the second-largest annual carnival in the world. Early life Claudia Vera Cumberbatch was born in Trinidad, then a colony of the British Empire, on 21 February 1915. When she was eight years old, her family emigrated to New York City following the post-war ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Universal Coloured People's Association
Universal is the adjective for universe. Universal may also refer to: Companies * NBCUniversal, a media and entertainment company ** Universal Animation Studios, an American Animation studio, and a subsidiary of NBCUniversal ** Universal TV, a television channel owned by NBCUniversal ** Universal Kids, an American current television channel, formerly known as Sprout, owned by NBCUniversal ** Universal Pictures, an American film studio, and a subsidiary of NBCUniversal ** Universal Television, a television division owned by NBCUniversal Content Studios ** Universal Parks & Resorts, the theme park unit of NBCUniversal * Universal Airlines (other) * Universal Avionics, a manufacturer of flight control components * Universal Corporation, an American tobacco company * Universal Display Corporation, a manufacturer of displays * Universal Edition, a classical music publishing firm, founded in Vienna in 1901 * Universal Entertainment Corporation, a Japanese software producer an ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Obi Egbuna
Obi Benue Egbuna (18 July 1938 – 18 January 2014) was a Nigerian-born novelist, playwright and political activist known for leading the Universal Coloured People's Association (UCPA) and being a member of the British Black Panther Movement (1968–72) during the years when he lived in England, between 1961 and 1973. Egbuna published several texts on Marxist– Black Power, including ''Destroy This Temple: The Voice of Black Power in Britain'' (1971) and ''The ABC of Black Power Thought'' (1973). Biography Early years and education Egbuna was born in Ozubulu, Anambra State, Nigeria. He studied at the University of Iowa and Howard University, Washington, DC, moving in 1961 to England, where he lived until 1973. Political activism in Britain In London, Egbuna was a member of a group called the Committee of African Organisations that had roots in the West African Students' Union, and which organised Malcolm X's 1965 visit to Britain. Egbuna participated in events orga ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Counterculture Of The 1960s
The counterculture of the 1960s was an anti-establishment cultural phenomenon that developed throughout much of the Western world in the 1960s and has been ongoing to the present day. The aggregate movement gained momentum as the civil rights movement in the United States continued to grow, and with the intensification of the Vietnam War, it would later become revolutionary to some. As the 1960s progressed, widespread social tensions also developed concerning other issues, and tended to flow along generational lines regarding human sexuality, women's rights, traditional modes of authority, rights of non-white people, end of racial segregation, experimentation with psychoactive drugs, and differing interpretations of the American Dream. Many key movements related to these issues were born or advanced within the counterculture of the 1960s. As the era unfolded, what emerged were new cultural forms and a dynamic subculture that celebrated experimentation, modern incarnations of ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
