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RNR2
RNR2 (RNA, ribosomal 45S cluster 2) is a human ribosomal DNA gene located on Chromosome 14. Tandem copies of this gene form one of five nucleolus organizer regions in the human genome, they are located on the chromosomes 13 ( RNR1), 14 (RNR2), 15 ( RNR3), 21 ( RNR4), 22 ( RNR5). Each gene cluster contains 30–40 copies and encodes a 45S RNA product that is then processed to form 18S, 5.8S and 28S rRNA. References Further reading * Nucleolus organizer region ] Nucleolus organizer regions (NORs) are chromosome, chromosomal regions crucial for the formation of the nucleolus. In humans, the NORs are located on the short arms of the acrocentric chromosomes 13, 14, 15, 21 and 22, the genes RNR1, RNR2, R ...s are chromosomal regions crucial for the formation of the nucleolus, located on the short arms of the acrocentric chromosomes 13, 14, 15, 21 and 22 Non-coding RNA RNA Ribosomal RNA Ribozymes {{Catalysis-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ribosomal RNA
Ribosomal ribonucleic acid (rRNA) is a type of non-coding RNA which is the primary component of ribosomes, essential to all cells. rRNA is a ribozyme which carries out protein synthesis in ribosomes. Ribosomal RNA is transcribed from ribosomal DNA (rDNA) and then bound to ribosomal proteins to form SSU rRNA, small and LSU rRNA, large ribosome subunits. rRNA is the physical and mechanical factor of the ribosome that forces transfer RNA (tRNA) and messenger RNA (mRNA) to process and Translation (biology), translate the latter into proteins. Ribosomal RNA is the predominant form of RNA found in most cells; it makes up about 80% of cellular RNA despite never being translated into proteins itself. Ribosomes are composed of approximately 60% rRNA and 40% ribosomal proteins, though this ratio differs between Prokaryote, prokaryotes and Eukaryote, eukaryotes. Structure Although the primary structure of rRNA sequences can vary across organisms, Base pair, base-pairing within these sequ ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ribosomal DNA
The ribosomal DNA (rDNA) consists of a group of ribosomal RNA encoding genes and related regulatory elements, and is widespread in similar configuration in all domains of life. The ribosomal DNA encodes the non-coding ribosomal RNA, integral structural elements in the assembly of ribosomes, its importance making it the most abundant section of RNA found in cells of eukaryotes. Additionally, these segments include regulatory sections, such as a promoter specific to the RNA polymerase I, as well as both transcribed and non-transcribed spacer segments. Due to their high importance in the assembly of ribosomes for protein biosynthesis, the rDNA genes are generally highly conserved in molecular evolution. The number of copies can vary considerably per species. Ribosomal DNA is widely used for phylogenetic studies. Structure The ribosomal DNA includes all genes coding for the non-coding structural ribosomal RNA molecules. Across all domains of life, these are the structural ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Nucleolus Organizer Region
] Nucleolus organizer regions (NORs) are chromosome, chromosomal regions crucial for the formation of the nucleolus. In humans, the NORs are located on the short arms of the acrocentric chromosomes 13, 14, 15, 21 and 22, the genes RNR1, RNR2, RNR3, RNR4, and RNR5 respectively. These regions code for 5.8S, 18S, and 28S ribosomal RNA. The NORs are "sandwiched" between the repetitive, heterochromatic DNA sequences of the centromeres and telomeres. The exact sequence of these regions is not included in the human reference genome as of 2016 or the GRCh38.p10 released January 6, 2017. On 28 February 2019, GRCh38.p13 was released, which added the NOR sequences for the short arms of chromosomes 13, 14, 15, 21, and 22. However, it is known that NORs contain tandem copies of ribosomal DNA (rDNA) genes. Some sequences of flanking sequences proximal and distal to NORs have been reported. The NORs of a loris have been reported to be highly variable. There are also DNA sequences rela ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
RNR1
RNR1 (RNA, ribosomal 45S cluster 1) is a human ribosomal DNA gene located on Chromosome 13. Tandem copies of this gene form one of five nucleolus organizer region ] Nucleolus organizer regions (NORs) are chromosome, chromosomal regions crucial for the formation of the nucleolus. In humans, the NORs are located on the short arms of the acrocentric chromosomes 13, 14, 15, 21 and 22, the genes RNR1, RNR2, R ...s in the human genome, they are located on the chromosomes 13 (RNR1), 14 ( RNR2), 15 ( RNR3), 21 ( RNR4), 22 ( RNR5). References Further reading * * * * * * * * * * * Proteins Non-coding RNA RNA Ribosomal RNA Ribozymes {{protein-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
RNR3
RNR3 (RNA, ribosomal 45S cluster 3) is a human ribosomal DNA gene located on Chromosome 15. Tandem copies of this gene form one of five nucleolus organizer regions in the human genome, they are located on the chromosomes 13 ( RNR1), 14 ( RNR2), 15 (RNR3), 21 ( RNR4), 22 ( RNR5). References Further reading * Nucleolus organizer region ] Nucleolus organizer regions (NORs) are chromosome, chromosomal regions crucial for the formation of the nucleolus. In humans, the NORs are located on the short arms of the acrocentric chromosomes 13, 14, 15, 21 and 22, the genes RNR1, RNR2, R ...s are chromosomal regions crucial for the formation of the nucleolus, located on the short arms of the acrocentric chromosomes 13, 14, 15, 21 and 22 * * * * * * * * * * * Proteins Non-coding RNA RNA Ribosomal RNA Ribozymes {{protein-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
RNR4
RNR4 (RNA, ribosomal 45S cluster 4) is a human ribosomal DNA gene located on Chromosome 21. Tandem copies of this gene form one of five nucleolus organizer regions in the human genome, they are located on the chromosomes 13 ( RNR1), 14 ( RNR2), 15 ( RNR3), 21 (RNR4), 22 ( RNR5). See also * Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) References Further reading * Nucleolus organizer region ] Nucleolus organizer regions (NORs) are chromosome, chromosomal regions crucial for the formation of the nucleolus. In humans, the NORs are located on the short arms of the acrocentric chromosomes 13, 14, 15, 21 and 22, the genes RNR1, RNR2, R ...s are chromosomal regions crucial for the formation of the nucleolus, located on the short arms of the acrocentric chromosomes 13, 14, 15, 21 and 22 * * * * * * * * * * * * Non-coding RNA Ribosomal RNA Ribozymes {{gene-21-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
RNR5
RNR5 (RNA, ribosomal 45S cluster 5) is a human ribosomal DNA gene located on Chromosome 22. Tandem copies of this gene form one of five nucleolus organizer regions in the human genome, they are located on the chromosomes 13 ( RNR1), 14 ( RNR2), 15 ( RNR3), 21 ( RNR4), 22 (RNR5). Each gene cluster contains 30–40 copies and encodes a 45S RNA product that is then cleaved to form 18S, 5.8S and 28S rRNA subunits. In general, genes for RNA remain poorly annotated in most large public databases. References Further reading * Nucleolus organizer region ] Nucleolus organizer regions (NORs) are chromosome, chromosomal regions crucial for the formation of the nucleolus. In humans, the NORs are located on the short arms of the acrocentric chromosomes 13, 14, 15, 21 and 22, the genes RNR1, RNR2, R ...s are chromosomal regions crucial for the formation of the nucleolus, located on the short arms of the acrocentric chromosomes 13, 14, 15, 21 and 22 * * * * * * * * * * * Proteins Non- ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Nucleolus Organizer Region
] Nucleolus organizer regions (NORs) are chromosome, chromosomal regions crucial for the formation of the nucleolus. In humans, the NORs are located on the short arms of the acrocentric chromosomes 13, 14, 15, 21 and 22, the genes RNR1, RNR2, RNR3, RNR4, and RNR5 respectively. These regions code for 5.8S, 18S, and 28S ribosomal RNA. The NORs are "sandwiched" between the repetitive, heterochromatic DNA sequences of the centromeres and telomeres. The exact sequence of these regions is not included in the human reference genome as of 2016 or the GRCh38.p10 released January 6, 2017. On 28 February 2019, GRCh38.p13 was released, which added the NOR sequences for the short arms of chromosomes 13, 14, 15, 21, and 22. However, it is known that NORs contain tandem copies of ribosomal DNA (rDNA) genes. Some sequences of flanking sequences proximal and distal to NORs have been reported. The NORs of a loris have been reported to be highly variable. There are also DNA sequences rela ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Chromosome 14
Chromosome 14 is one of the 23 pairs of chromosomes in humans. People normally have two copies of this chromosome. Chromosome 14 spans about 107 million base pairs (the building material of DNA) and represents between 3 and 3.5% of the total DNA in cells. The centromere of chromosome 14 is positioned approximately at position 17.2 Mbp. Genes Number of genes The following are some of the gene count estimates of human chromosome 14. Because researchers use different approaches to genome annotation their predictions of the number of genes on each chromosome varies (for technical details, see gene prediction). Among various projects, the collaborative consensus coding sequence project ( CCDS) takes an extremely conservative strategy. So CCDS's gene number prediction represents a lower bound on the total number of human protein-coding genes. Gene list The following is a partial list of genes on human chromosome 14. For complete list, see the link in the infobox on the right. ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Non-coding RNA
A non-coding RNA (ncRNA) is a functional RNA molecule that is not Translation (genetics), translated into a protein. The DNA sequence from which a functional non-coding RNA is transcribed is often called an RNA gene. Abundant and functionally important list of RNAs, types of non-coding RNAs include transfer RNAs (tRNAs) and ribosomal RNAs (rRNAs), as well as small RNAs such as microRNAs, siRNAs, piRNAs, snoRNAs, snRNAs, Extracellular RNA, exRNAs, scaRNAs and the long noncoding RNA, long ncRNAs such as Xist and HOTAIR. The number of non-coding RNAs within the human genome is unknown; however, recent Transcriptomics, transcriptomic and Bioinformatics, bioinformatic studies suggest that there are thousands of non-coding transcripts. Many of the newly identified ncRNAs have unknown functions, if any. There is no consensus on how much of non-coding transcription is functional: some believe most ncRNAs to be non-functional "junk RNA", spurious transcriptions, while others expect that ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
