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R. Jose
Jose ben Helpetha, commonly known as Jose ben Halafta () was a tanna of the fourth generation (2nd century CE). He is the fifth-most-frequently mentioned sage in the Mishnah. Yose Ben Halafta is the one of two rabbis called Rabbi Yose in the Talmud; the other being Jose ben Zimra, an amora. Biography He was born at Sepphoris; but his family was of Babylonian-Jewish origin. According to a genealogical chart found at Jerusalem, he was a descendant of Jonadab ben Rechab. He was one of Rabbi Akiva's five principal pupils, called "the restorers of the Law," who were afterward ordained by Judah ben Baba. He was also a student of Johanan ben Nuri, whose halakhot he transmitted and of Eutolemus. It is very likely that he studied much under his father, Halafta, whose authority he invokes in several instances. But his principal teacher was Akiva, whose system he followed in his interpretation of the Law. After having been ordained in violation of a Roman edict, Jose fled to Asia ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Halafta
Helpetha I (), commonly mispronounced Halafta, was a rabbi who lived in Sepphoris in the Galilee during the late 1st and early 2nd centuries CE (second generation of tannaim). He was the father of Jose ben Halafta, Jose ben Helpetha and Shimon ben Halafta, Shimon ben Helpetha, also serving as their teacher. He is cited without patronymic or cognomen in the Mishnah, but as Abba Helpetha in the Talmud, Talmuds. In Derekh Eretz Rabbah a certain Abba Helpetha cites his father Abba Hagra, and the same Helpetha ben Hagra cites Johanan ben Nuri in t. Bava Kamma 9:31 and b. Shabbat 105b. According to Paul Romanoff, Helpetha I and Helpetha ben Hagra are the same person, but most other scholars disagree. Helpetha I is certainly not to be confused with any of the scholars named "Helpetha of Kiruya", or with "Helpetha ben Shaul" and "Helpetha of Huna", later scholars. In the printed m. Avot, "Helpetha ben Dosa of Kfar Hananya, Kfar Hananiah", but according to Moses da Rieti, "Helpetha ben Dos ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Halakha
''Halakha'' ( ; , ), also Romanization of Hebrew, transliterated as ''halacha'', ''halakhah'', and ''halocho'' ( ), is the collective body of Judaism, Jewish religious laws that are derived from the Torah, Written and Oral Torah. ''Halakha'' is based on biblical commandments (''Mitzvah, mitzvot''), subsequent Talmudic and Mitzvah#Rabbinic mitzvot, rabbinic laws, and the customs and traditions which were compiled in the many books such as the ''Shulchan Aruch'' or ''Mishneh Torah''. ''Halakha'' is often translated as "Jewish law", although a more literal translation might be "the way to behave" or "the way of walking". The word is derived from the Semitic root, root, which means "to behave" (also "to go" or "to walk"). ''Halakha'' not only guides religious practices and beliefs; it also guides numerous aspects of day-to-day life. Historically, widespread observance of the laws of the Torah is first in evidence beginning in the second century BCE, and some say that the first evide ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Simeon Bar Yohai
Shimon bar Yochai ( Zoharic Aramaic: , ''Šimʿon bar Yoḥay'') or Shimon ben Yochai (Mishnaic Hebrew: ), also known by the acronym Rashbi, was a 2nd-century tanna or sage of the period of Roman Judaea and early Syria Palaestina. He was one of the most eminent disciples of Rabbi Akiva. The ''Zohar'', a 13th-century foundational work of Kabbalah, is ascribed to him by Kabbalistic tradition, but this claim is universally rejected by modern scholars. In addition, the essential legal works called the ''Sifre'' and '' Mekhilta of Rabbi Shimon ben Yochai'' are attributed to him (not to be confused with the ''Mekhilta of Rabbi Ishmael'', of which much of the text is the same). In the Mishnah, where he is the fourth-most mentioned sage, he is referred to as simply "Rabbi Shimon" except in Hagigah 1:7. In baraitas, midrash, and gemara, his name occurs either as Shimon or as Shimon ben Yochai. An 8th-century pseudonymous attribution of divine revelations to Shimon by the angel Metatro ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sanhedrin
The Sanhedrin (Hebrew and Middle Aramaic , a loanword from , 'assembly,' 'sitting together,' hence ' assembly' or 'council') was a Jewish legislative and judicial assembly of either 23 or 70 elders, existing at both a local and central level in the ancient Land of Israel. There were two classes of Rabbinite courts called sanhedrins: Greater and Lesser. A lesser Sanhedrin of 23 judges was appointed to sit as a tribunal in each city. There was only one Great Sanhedrin of 70 judges, which, among other roles, acted as a supreme court, taking appeals from cases that lesser courts decided. In general usage, ''the Sanhedrin'' without qualifier usually refers to the Great Sanhedrin, which was presided over by the Nasi, who functioned as its head or representing president, and was a member of the court; the Av Beit Din or the chief of the court, who was second to the Nasi and 69 general members. In the Second Temple period, the Great Sanhedrin met in the Temple in Jerusalem, in a bu ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Usha (ancient)
Usha () was an ancient Jewish town in the western part of Galilee. It was identified in the late 19th century by Victor Guérin, who found the ruins on which the Arab village of Hawsha was built.Guerin, 1880, pp415416. Partially translated in Conder and Kitchener, 1881, SWP I, p311/ref> The modern kibbutz of Usha, Israel is located several kilometers to the west. The site is close to the town of Kiryat Ata."1,400-year-old Byzantine Hammer and Nails Discovered in Ancient Jewish Village of Usha" Ruth Schuster for ''Haaretz'', 30 Oct 2019. Accessed 29 Jan 2024. History and archaeology ...
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Bava Metzia
Bava Metzia (, "The Middle Gate") is the second of the first three Talmudic tractates in the order of Nezikin ("Damages"), the other two being Bava Kamma and Bava Batra. Originally all three formed a single tractate called ''Nezikin'' (torts or injuries), each ''Bava'' being a Part or subdivision. Bava Metzia discusses civil matters such as property law and usury. It also examines one's obligations to guard lost property that has been found, or property explicitly entrusted to him. Mishnah The Mishnah of Bava Metzia contains ten chapters. Honorary trustee (''Shomer Hinam''), chapters 1-3 An honorary trustee is one who finds lost property. He has to keep it as '' shomer hinam'' (watching over another's property without receiving any remuneration) until he can restore it to the rightful owner (). The laws as to what constitutes finding, what to do with the things found, how to guard against false claimants, how to take care of the property found, under what conditions the finde ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Asia Minor
Anatolia (), also known as Asia Minor, is a peninsula in West Asia that makes up the majority of the land area of Turkey. It is the westernmost protrusion of Asia and is geographically bounded by the Mediterranean Sea to the south, the Aegean Sea to the west, the Turkish Straits to the northwest, and the Black Sea to the north. The eastern and southeastern limits have been expanded either to the entirety of Asiatic Turkey or to an imprecise line from the Black Sea to the Gulf of Alexandretta. Topographically, the Sea of Marmara connects the Black Sea with the Aegean Sea through the Bosporus and the Dardanelles, and separates Anatolia from Thrace in Southeast Europe. During the Neolithic, Anatolia was an early centre for the development of farming after it originated in the adjacent Fertile Crescent. Beginning around 9,000 years ago, there was a major migration of Anatolian Neolithic Farmers into Neolithic Europe, Europe, with their descendants coming to dominate the continent a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pesahim
Pesachim (, lit. "Paschal lambs" or "Passovers"), also spelled Pesahim, is the third tractate of '' Seder Moed'' ("Order of Festivals") of the Mishnah and of the Talmud. The tractate discusses the topics related to the Jewish holiday of Passover, and the Passover sacrifice, both called ''"Pesach"'' in Hebrew. The tractate deals with the laws of ''matza'' (unleavened bread) and '' maror'' (bitter herbs), the prohibitions against owning or consuming '' chametz'' (leaven) on the festival, the details of the Paschal lamb that used to be offered at the Temple in Jerusalem, the order of the feast on the first evening of the holiday known as the Passover seder, and the laws of the supplemental " Second Pesach". Two reasons are given for the name of the tractate ''Pesachim'' being in the plural: either because the tractate originally comprised two parts, one dealing with the Passover sacrifice, and the second with the other aspects of the holiday, before they were combined into a sin ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Megillah (Talmud)
''Masekhet Megillah'' () is a tractate in Seder Moed of the Babylonian and Jerusalem Talmuds. It deals with laws and stories relating to Purim, a Jewish holiday originating from the Book of Esther. ''Megillah'' continues to dictate how Purim is celebrated in Jewish communities worldwide to this day. Tannaitic period The Mishnayot of ''Masekhet Megillah'' ("Tractate Scroll") were compiled, along with the rest of the Mishnah, by the second or third centuries CE by Rabbi Judah ha-Nasi. Their overall goal is to enumerate the laws for the Jewish holiday of Purim. They consist of four chapters: laws regarding when to read Megillat Esther (the scroll of Esther), when to give gifts to the poor as mandated in the Book of Esther, and various differences between ''halakhic'' concepts; laws of how to read the Megillah—including language, the reader, and other factors—and various times during which mitzvot can be performed; laws regarding buying and selling sacred objects as wel ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bava Kamma
Bava Kamma () is the first of a series of three Talmudic tractates in the order Nezikin ("Damages") that deal with civil matters such as damages and torts. The other two of these tractates are Bava Metzia ('The Middle Gate') and Bava Batra ('The Last Gate'): originally all three formed a single tractate called ''Nezikin'', each "Bava" meaning "part" or "subdivision." Bava Kamma discusses various forms of damage and the compensation owed for them. Biblical laws dealing with the cases discussed in Bava Kamma are contained in the following passages: , and . The principle that underlies the legislation in this respect is expressed by the sentence, "He that kindled the fire shall surely make restitution". Bava Kamma consists of ten chapters which may be grouped as follows: damage caused without criminality (chaps. 1-6); damage caused by a criminal act (chaps. 7-10). Mishna Damage caused without criminality Two types of damages are dealt with: (1) damage caused by agents in thei ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Rosh Hashanah (Talmud)
Rosh Hashanah () is the name of a text of Jewish law originating in the Mishnah which formed the basis of tractates in both the Babylonian Talmud and the Jerusalem Talmud of the same name. It is the eighth tractate of the order ''Moed''. The text contains the most important rules concerning the calendar year, together with a description of the inauguration of the months, laws on the form and use of the shofar and laws related to the religious services during the Jewish holiday of Rosh Hashanah. Mishna The Mishnah commences with an account of the four beginnings of the religious and the civil year ( 1:1); it speaks of the four judgement-days of the pilgrim festivals and Rosh ha-Shanah ( 1:2); of the six months in which the messengers of the Sanhedrin announce the month ( 1:3); of the two months, the beginnings of which witnesses announce to the Sanhedrin even on the Sabbath ( 1:4), and even if the moon is visible to every one ( 1:5); Gamliel even sent on the Sabbath for forty pai ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Eruvin (Talmud)
Eruvin (, lit. "Mixtures") is the second tractate in the Order of Moed in the Talmud, dealing with the various types of . In this sense this tractate is a natural extension of Shabbat; at one point these tractates were likely joined but then split due to length. The '' Ra'ya Mehemna'' (14th century) introduced ענ״י as an acronym for "Eruvin, Niddah, and Yevamot". According to Jacob Emden, עני ''destitute'' is a pun which references the reputed difficulty of these tractates, and the acronym serves to warn off students. Eliezer Sofer uses it for "Eruvin, Nazir, Yevamot", arguing that Nazir is more difficult, and some also use "Eruvin, Nedarim, Yevamot". Structure The tractate consists of ten chapters with a total of 96 mishnayot. Its Babylonian Talmud version is of 105 pages and its Jerusalem Talmud version is of 65 pages. An overview of the content of chapters is as follows: * Chapter 1 () has ten mishnayot. * Chapter 2 () has six mishnayot. * Chapter 3 () has nine mis ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
