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R-2 Mitochondrial Pre-sequence Cleavage Site
R- may represent: *a type of chirality, in chemical notation *an ''R'' prefix used for various constants *the set of negative real numbers *negative reinforcement In behavioral psychology, reinforcement refers to consequences that increase the likelihood of an organism's future behavior, typically in the presence of a particular '' antecedent stimulus''. For example, a rat can be trained to push a lever ..., in behavioural psychology *membership of the United States Republican Party, when placed before a state abbreviation, usually in parentheses after the name of a politician {{Disambiguation ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Dextrorotation And Levorotation
Optical rotation, also known as polarization rotation or circular birefringence, is the rotation of the orientation of the plane of polarization about the optical axis of linearly polarized light as it travels through certain materials. Circular birefringence and circular dichroism are the manifestations of optical activity. Optical activity occurs only in chiral materials, those lacking microscopic mirror symmetry. Unlike other sources of birefringence which alter a beam's state of polarization, optical activity can be observed in fluids. This can include gases or solutions of chiral molecules such as sugars, molecules with helical secondary structure such as some proteins, and also chiral liquid crystals. It can also be observed in chiral solids such as certain crystals with a rotation between adjacent crystal planes (such as quartz) or metamaterials. When looking at the source of light, the rotation of the plane of polarization may be either to the right (dextrorotatory ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
R (other)
R, or r, is the eighteenth letter of the English alphabet. R or r may also refer to: Science Biology and medicine * Arginine, an amino acid abbreviated as Arg or R * ATC code R ''Respiratory system'', a section of the Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System * Coefficient of relationship (''r''), in biology * Effective reproduction number (''R''), the number of cases generated by one case in the current state of a population in epidemiology ** Basic reproduction number (''R0''), the expected number of cases directly generated by one case * Haplogroup R (mtDNA), a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup * Haplogroup R (Y-DNA), a Y-chromosomal DNA (Y-DNA) haplogroup * Net reproduction rate (''R0''), the average number of offspring that would be born to a female given conforming conditions * r, the population growth rate in the r/K selection theory of ecology Astronomy * Spectral resolution (\mathbb), in astronomy * Orangish or K carbon stars ( stellar clas ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Real Numbers
In mathematics, a real number is a number that can be used to measurement, measure a continuous variable, continuous one-dimensional quantity such as a time, duration or temperature. Here, ''continuous'' means that pairs of values can have arbitrarily small differences. Every real number can be almost uniquely represented by an infinite decimal expansion. The real numbers are fundamental in calculus (and in many other branches of mathematics), in particular by their role in the classical definitions of limit (mathematics), limits, continuous function, continuity and derivatives. The set of real numbers, sometimes called "the reals", is traditionally mathematical notation, denoted by a bold , often using blackboard bold, . The adjective ''real'', used in the 17th century by René Descartes, distinguishes real numbers from imaginary numbers such as the square roots of . The real numbers include the rational numbers, such as the integer and the fraction (mathematics), fraction . ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Negative Reinforcement
In behavioral psychology, reinforcement refers to consequences that increase the likelihood of an organism's future behavior, typically in the presence of a particular '' antecedent stimulus''. For example, a rat can be trained to push a lever to receive food whenever a light is turned on; in this example, the light is the antecedent stimulus, the lever pushing is the '' operant behavior'', and the food is the ''reinforcer''. Likewise, a student that receives attention and praise when answering a teacher's question will be more likely to answer future questions in class; the teacher's question is the antecedent, the student's response is the behavior, and the praise and attention are the reinforcements. Punishment is the inverse to reinforcement, referring to any behavior that decreases the likelihood that a response will occur. In operant conditioning terms, punishment does not need to involve any type of pain, fear, or physical actions; even a brief spoken expression of disapp ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
