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Protohippina
Equini is the only living tribe (biology), tribe of the subfamily Equinae, which has lived worldwide (except Australia) since the Hemingfordian stage of the Middle Miocene (16–0 Mya (unit), mya). It is considered to be a monophyletic clade.B. J. MacFadden. 1998. Equidae. In C. M. Janis, K. M. Scott, and L. L. Jacobs (eds.), Evolution of Tertiary Mammals of North America Taxonomy Tribe: Equini * Genus: † ''Astrohippus'' * Genus: † ''Calippus (genus), Calippus'' * Genus: † ''Dinohippus'' * Genus: ''Equus (genus), Equus'' – living horses, asses, and zebras * Genus: † ''Haringtonhippus'' * Genus: † ''Hippidion'' * Genus: † ''Onohippidium'' * Genus: † ''Pliohippus'' * Genus: † ''Protohippus'' References Equidae Miocene horses Pliocene odd-toed ungulates Pleistocene horses {{paleo-oddtoedungulate-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Equidae
Equidae (sometimes known as the horse family) is the taxonomic family of horses and related animals, including the extant horses, asses, and zebras, and many other species known only from fossils. All extant species are in the genus ''Equus'', which originated in North America. Equidae belongs to the order Perissodactyla, which includes the extant tapirs and rhinoceros, and several extinct families. The term equid refers to any member of this family, including any equine. Evolution The oldest known fossils assigned to Equidae were found in North America, and date from the early Eocene epoch, 54 million years ago. They were once assigned to the genus '' Hyracotherium'', but the type species of that genus is now regarded as a palaeothere. The other species have been split off into different genera. These early equids were fox-sized animals with three toes on the hind feet, and four on the front feet. They were herbivorous browsers on relatively soft plants, and already ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Middle Miocene
The Middle Miocene is a sub-epoch of the Miocene Epoch made up of two stages: the Langhian and Serravallian stages. The Middle Miocene is preceded by the Early Miocene The Early Miocene (also known as Lower Miocene) is a sub-epoch of the Miocene Epoch made up of two stages: the Aquitanian and Burdigalian stages. The sub-epoch lasted from 23.03 ± 0.05 Ma to 15.97 ± 0.05 Ma (million years ago). It was p .... The sub-epoch lasted from 15.97 ± 0.05 Ma to 11.608 ± 0.005 Ma (million years ago). During this period, a sharp drop in global temperatures took place. This event is known as the Middle Miocene Climate Transition. For the purpose of establishing European Land Mammal Ages this sub-epoch is equivalent to the Astaracian age. External links GeoWhen Database - Middle Miocene .02 02 * * {{geochronology-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Equus (genus)
''Equus'' , is a genus of mammals in the family Equidae, which includes horses, donkeys, and zebras. Within the Equidae, ''Equus'' is the only recognized extant genus, comprising seven living species. Like Equidae more broadly, ''Equus'' has numerous extinct species known only from fossils. The genus most likely originated in North America and spread quickly to the Old World. Equines are odd-toed ungulates with slender legs, long heads, relatively long necks, manes (erect in most subspecies), and long tails. All species are herbivorous, and mostly grazers, with simpler digestive systems than ruminants but able to subsist on lower-quality vegetation. While the domestic horse and donkey (along with their feral descendants) exist worldwide, wild equine populations are limited to Africa and Asia. Wild equine social systems are in two forms; a harem system with tight-knit groups consisting of one adult male or stallion, several females or mares, and their young or foals; and a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Miocene Horses
The Miocene ( ) is the first geological epoch of the Neogene Period and extends from about (Ma). The Miocene was named by Scottish geologist Charles Lyell; the name comes from the Greek words (', "less") and (', "new") and means "less recent" because it has 18% fewer modern marine invertebrates than the Pliocene has. The Miocene is preceded by the Oligocene and is followed by the Pliocene. As Earth went from the Oligocene through the Miocene and into the Pliocene, the climate slowly cooled towards a series of ice ages. The Miocene boundaries are not marked by a single distinct global event but consist rather of regionally defined boundaries between the warmer Oligocene and the cooler Pliocene Epoch. During the Early Miocene, the Arabian Peninsula collided with Eurasia, severing the connection between the Mediterranean and Indian Ocean, and allowing a faunal interchange to occur between Eurasia and Africa, including the dispersal of proboscideans into Eurasia. During the late ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Protohippus
''Protohippus'' is an extinct three-toed genus of horse. It was roughly the size of a modern donkey. Fossil evidence suggests that it lived during the Late Miocene (Clarendonian to Hemphillian), from about 13.6 Ma to 5.3 Ma. Analysis of ''Protohippus'' skull and teeth suggests that it is most closely related to the genus '' Calippus''. Species include: * ''P. vetus'' * ''P. perditus'' * ''P. supremus'' (also ''P. simus'') * ''P. gidleyi'' See also * ''Eohippus'' * ''Mesohippus ''Mesohippus'' (Greek: / meaning "middle" and / meaning "horse") is an extinct genus of early horse. It lived 37 to 32 million years ago in the Early Oligocene. Like many fossil horses, ''Mesohippus'' was common in North America. Its shoulder hei ...'' References {{Taxonbar, from=Q3408120 Miocene horses Prehistoric placental genera Miocene mammals of North America Clarendonian Hemphillian Fossil taxa described in 1858 Taxa named by Joseph Leidy ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pliohippus
''Pliohippus'' (Greek (, "more") and (, "horse")) is an extinct genus of Equidae, the "horse family". ''Pliohippus'' arose in the middle Miocene, around 15 million years ago. The long and slim limbs of ''Pliohippus'' reveal a quick-footed steppe animal. While some specimens have one toe per leg, others have three (the main toe and two non-functional side toes). Until recently, because of its many anatomical similarities, ''Pliohippus'' was believed to be the ancestor of the present-day horse and its relatives in '' Equus''. Although ''Pliohippus'' clearly is an equid and thus related to ''Equus'', its skull had deep facial ''fossae'', a feature not found in any member of ''Equus''. Additionally, its teeth were strongly curved, unlike the very straight teeth of modern horses. Consequently, it is unlikely to be the ancestor of the modern horse; instead, it is likely to be the ancestor of ''Astrohippus''.MacFadden, B. J. (1984). "Astrohippus and Dinohippus". ''J. Vert. Paleon''. 4 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Onohippidium
''Hippidion'' (meaning ''little horse'') is an extinct genus of equine that lived in South America from the Late Pliocene to the end of the Late Pleistocene (Lujanian), between two million and 11,000 years ago. They were one of two lineages of equines native to South America during the Pleistocene epoch, alongside those of the '' Equus'' subgenus ''Amerhippus''. Evolution ''Hippidion'' has been considered a descendant of pliohippines, equines that migrated into the South American continent around 2.5 million years ago. Early analysis of the ancient DNA of ''Hippidion'' and other New World Pleistocene equines supported the novel hypothesis that ''Hippidion'' was actually a member of the living genus '' Equus'', with a particularly close relationship to the wild horse, ''Equus ferus''. However this was later shown to be incorrect, with more complete sequences finding ''Hippidion'' as an outgroup to all living equines and less closely related to living equines than the "New Worl ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Haringtonhippus
''Haringtonhippus'' is an extinct genus of stilt-legged equine from the Pleistocene of North America The genus is monospecific, consisting of the species ''H. francisci'', initially described in 1915 by Oliver Perry Hay as ''Equus francisci''. Prior to its formal description, it was sometimes referred to as the New World stilt-legged horse. ''Haringtonhippus'' fossils have only been discovered in North America. Specimens have been found from southern Mexico to southern South Dakota and in Alberta, Canada, at sites such as Gypsum Cave and Natural Trap Cave, as well as eastern Beringia in Yukon A later study found that ''Equus cedralensis'' from the Late Pleistocene of Mexico also belonged to this species. The earliest species of the lineage appeared in North America during the Late Pliocene to Early Pleistocene, around 2 to 3 Ma. It became extinct at the end of the Late Pleistocene. Taxonomy ''Haringtonhippus'' is named after Charles Richard Harington. It was originally d ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Dinohippus
''Dinohippus'' (Greek: "Terrible horse") is an extinct equid which was endemic to North America from the late Hemphillian stage of the Miocene through the Zanclean stage of the Pliocene (10.3—3.6 mya) and in existence for approximately . Fossils are widespread throughout North America, being found at more than 30 sites from Florida to Alberta and Panama ( Alajuela Formation). Taxonomy Quinn originally referred ''"Pliohippus" mexicanus'' to ''Dinohippus'', but unpublished cladistic results in an SVP 2018 conference abstract suggest that ''mexicanus'' is instead more closely related to extant horses than to ''Dinohippus''. Description ''Dinohippus'' was the most common horse in North America and like '' Equus'', it did not have a dished face. It has a distinctive passive "stay apparatus The stay apparatus is a group of ligaments, tendons and muscles which "lock" major joints in the limbs of the horse. It is best known as the mechanism by which horses can enter a light sleep ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Holocene
The Holocene ( ) is the current geological epoch. It began approximately 11,650 cal years Before Present (), after the Last Glacial Period, which concluded with the Holocene glacial retreat. The Holocene and the preceding Pleistocene together form the Quaternary period. The Holocene has been identified with the current warm period, known as MIS 1. It is considered by some to be an interglacial period within the Pleistocene Epoch, called the Flandrian interglacial.Oxford University Press – Why Geography Matters: More Than Ever (book) – "Holocene Humanity" section https://books.google.com/books?id=7P0_sWIcBNsC The Holocene corresponds with the rapid proliferation, growth and impacts of the human species worldwide, including all of its written history, technological revolutions, development of major civilizations, and overall significant transition towards urban living in the present. The human impact on modern-era Earth and its ecosystems may be considered of global ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Calippus (genus)
''Calippus'' is an extinct genus of hoofed-mammals in the horse family (Equidae), known from the Middle Miocene through the Early Pliocene Early may refer to: History * The beginning or oldest part of a defined historical period, as opposed to middle or late periods, e.g.: ** Early Christianity ** Early modern Europe Places in the United States * Early, Iowa * Early, Texas * Early ... of North and Central America. Fossils have been found in the central and Eastern United States ranging south to Honduras. These equines had high crowned teeth and a quadrangular, wide muzzle, and were small compared to their contemporary relatives, with ''C. elachistus'' weighing 49 kg, ''C. cerasinus'' weighing 102 kg, 132 kg for ''C. theristes'' and 73 kg for ''C. mccartyi''. References Miocene horses Pliocene odd-toed ungulates Prehistoric placental genera Miocene mammals of North America Pliocene mammals of North America Barstovian Clarendonian Hemphillian Blancan Fossil t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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