Proto-Koiarian

	Proto-Koiarian The Koiarian languages Koiari are a small family of Trans–New Guinea languages spoken in the " Bird's Tail" (southeastern peninsula) of New Guinea. They are classified within the Southeast Papuan branch of Trans–New Guinea. Languages The languages are: * Koiaric branch (Koiari): Grass Koiari, Mountain Koiari– Koitabu * Baraic branch ( Managalas Plateau): Barai– Namiae, Ese (Managalasi), Ömie Dutton (2010) classifies the Koiarian languages as: Baraic * Ömie *Barai– Managalasi (incl. Namiae) Koiaric Mountain Koiari Koita – Grass Koiari Proto-language Pronouns Usher (2020) reconstructs the pronouns as: : Vocabulary The following basic vocabulary words of Proto-Koiarian and other lower-level reconstructions are from the Trans-New Guinea database: : Evolution Koiarian reflexes of proto-Trans-New Guinea (pTNG) etyma are: Koiari language: ''muka'' ‘lump’ < maŋgV ‘round object’ ''uni'' ‘egg’ < mun(a,i,u)ka ''idu'' ‘tre ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR:* [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
	Owen Stanley Range Languages The Southeast Papuan or Papuan Peninsula ("Bird's Tail") languages are a group of half a dozen small families of Papuan languages in the "Bird's Tail" (southeastern peninsula) of New Guinea that are part of the Trans–New Guinea (TNG) phylum. Languages The languages are as follows: * Dagan ( Meneao Range) Owen Stanley Range * Koiarian (Koiari – Managalas Plateau) Kwalean (Humene–Uare) Manubaran (Mount Brown) Mailu–Yareban * Yareban ( Musa River) *'' Bauwaki'' * Mailuan (Cloudy Bay Te Koko-o-Kupe / Cloudy Bay is located at the northeast of New Zealand's South Island, to the south of the Marlborough Sounds and north of Clifford Bay. In August 2014, the name Cloudy Bay, given by Captain Cook in 1770, was officially altered ...) They have in common ''ya'' for 'you' (plural) instead of proto-TNG ''gi''. Pronouns Usher (2020) reconstructs the pronouns as: : Lexical comparison The lexical data below is from the Trans-New Guinea database and Usher (2020 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR:* [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
	Koiarian Languages The Koiarian languages Koiari are a small family of Trans–New Guinea languages spoken in the "Bird's Tail" (southeastern peninsula) of New Guinea. They are classified within the Southeast Papuan branch of Trans–New Guinea. Languages The languages are: * Koiaric branch (Koiari): Grass Koiari, Mountain Koiari– Koitabu * Baraic branch ( Managalas Plateau): Barai– Namiae, Ese (Managalasi), Ömie Dutton (2010) classifies the Koiarian languages as: Baraic * Ömie *Barai– Managalasi (incl. Namiae) Koiaric Mountain Koiari Koita – Grass Koiari Proto-language Pronouns Usher (2020) reconstructs the pronouns as: : Vocabulary The following basic vocabulary words of Proto-Koiarian and other lower-level reconstructions are from the Trans-New Guinea database: : Evolution Koiarian reflexes of proto-Trans-New Guinea (pTNG) etyma are: Koiari language: ''muka'' ‘lump’ < maŋgV ‘round object’ ''uni'' ‘egg’ < mun(a,i,u)ka ''idu'' ‘tree ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR:* [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
	Papuan Peninsula Languages The Southeast Papuan or Papuan Peninsula ("Bird's Tail") languages are a group of half a dozen small families of Papuan languages in the "Bird's Tail" (southeastern peninsula) of New Guinea that are part of the Trans–New Guinea (TNG) phylum. Languages The languages are as follows: * Dagan ( Meneao Range) Owen Stanley Range * Koiarian (Koiari – Managalas Plateau) Kwalean (Humene–Uare) Manubaran (Mount Brown) Mailu–Yareban * Yareban (Musa River) *'' Bauwaki'' * Mailuan (Cloudy Bay Te Koko-o-Kupe / Cloudy Bay is located at the northeast of New Zealand's South Island, to the south of the Marlborough Sounds and north of Clifford Bay. In August 2014, the name Cloudy Bay, given by Captain Cook in 1770, was officially altered ...) They have in common ''ya'' for 'you' (plural) instead of proto-TNG ''gi''. Pronouns Usher (2020) reconstructs the pronouns as: : Lexical comparison The lexical data below is from the Trans-New Guinea database and Usher (2020) ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR:* [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
	Koiari Language The Koiarian languages Koiari are a small family of Trans–New Guinea languages spoken in the "Bird's Tail" (southeastern peninsula) of New Guinea. They are classified within the Southeast Papuan branch of Trans–New Guinea. Languages The languages are: * Koiaric branch (Koiari): Grass Koiari, Mountain Koiari– Koitabu * Baraic branch ( Managalas Plateau): Barai– Namiae, Ese (Managalasi), Ömie Dutton (2010) classifies the Koiarian languages as: Baraic * Ömie *Barai– Managalasi (incl. Namiae) Koiaric Mountain Koiari Koita – Grass Koiari Proto-language Pronouns Usher (2020) reconstructs the pronouns as: : Vocabulary The following basic vocabulary words of Proto-Koiarian and other lower-level reconstructions are from the Trans-New Guinea database: : Evolution Koiarian reflexes of proto-Trans-New Guinea (pTNG) etyma are: Koiari language: ''muka'' ‘lump’ < maŋgV ‘round object’ ''uni'' ‘egg’ < mun(a,i,u)ka ''idu'' ‘tre ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR:* [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
	Southeast Papuan Languages The Southeast Papuan or Papuan Peninsula ("Bird's Tail") languages are a group of half a dozen small families of Papuan languages in the "Bird's Tail" (southeastern peninsula) of New Guinea that are part of the Trans–New Guinea (TNG) phylum. Languages The languages are as follows: * Dagan ( Meneao Range) Owen Stanley Range Owen Stanley Range is the south-eastern part of the central mountain-chain in Papua New Guinea. Its highest point is Mount Victoria at , while its most prominent peak is Mount Suckling. History Owen Stanley Range was seen in 1849 by Captain Owe ... * Koiarian (Koiari – Managalas Plateau) Kwalean (Humene–Uare) Manubaran (Mount Brown) Mailu–Yareban * Yareban ( Musa River) *'' Bauwaki'' * Mailuan ( Cloudy Bay) They have in common ''ya'' for 'you' (plural) instead of proto-TNG ''gi''. Pronouns Usher (2020) reconstructs the pronouns as: : Lexical comparison The lexical data below is from the Trans-New Guinea database and Usher (20 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR:* [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
	Managalas Plateau Languages The Koiarian languages Koiari are a small family of Trans–New Guinea languages spoken in the "Bird's Tail" (southeastern peninsula) of New Guinea. They are classified within the Southeast Papuan branch of Trans–New Guinea. Languages The languages are: * Koiaric branch (Koiari): Grass Koiari, Mountain Koiari– Koitabu * Baraic branch ( Managalas Plateau): Barai– Namiae, Ese (Managalasi), Ömie Dutton (2010) classifies the Koiarian languages as: Baraic * Ömie ** Barai– Managalasi (incl. Namiae) Koiaric * Mountain Koiari *Koita – Grass Koiari Proto-language Pronouns Usher (2020) reconstructs the pronouns as: : Vocabulary The following basic vocabulary words of Proto-Koiarian and other lower-level reconstructions are from the Trans-New Guinea database: : Evolution Koiarian reflexes of proto-Trans-New Guinea (pTNG) etyma are: Koiari language: ''muka'' ‘lump’ < maŋgV ‘round object’ ''uni'' ‘egg’ < mun(a,i,u)ka ''idu'' ‘tr ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
	Papua New Guinea Papua New Guinea (abbreviated PNG; , ; tpi, Papua Niugini; ho, Papua Niu Gini), officially the Independent State of Papua New Guinea ( tpi, Independen Stet bilong Papua Niugini; ho, Independen Stet bilong Papua Niu Gini), is a country in Oceania that comprises the eastern half of the island of New Guinea and its offshore islands in Melanesia (a region of the southwestern Pacific Ocean north of Australia). Its capital, located along its southeastern coast, is Port Moresby. The country is the world's third largest island country, with an area of . At the national level, after being ruled by three external powers since 1884, including nearly 60 years of Australian administration starting during World War I, Papua New Guinea established its sovereignty in 1975. It became an independent Commonwealth realm in 1975 with Elizabeth II as its queen. It also became a member of the Commonwealth of Nations in its own right. There are 839 known languages of Papua New Guinea, on ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
	Ese Language Ese, or Managalasi, is a language of Oro Province, Papua New Guinea. Dialects are Muaturaina, Chimona, Dea, Akabafa, Nami, Mesari, Averi, Afore, Minjori, Oko, Wakue, Numba, Jimuni, Karira. Perhaps 40% of speakers are monolingual. It is spoken in the Kawawoki Mission area of Popondetta. Phonology Consonants * Allophones of phonemes /β, tɕ, dʑ, ɾ/ exist as , ts, ɖʐ, ɺ Vowels * A central vowel sound �can be heard as a result of /i/ preceding /u/. * Allophones of /e, a, o/, exist as � ə ɔ * A semivowel sound occurs when /u/ precedes a stressed vowel. Further reading Parlier, James. 1970. ''Managalasi sentences''. Manuscript. Ukarumpa: SIL-PNG. Parlier, Judith and James Parlier. 1981. ''Managalasi Dictionary''. Ukarumpa: SIL-PNG. References Languages of Papua New Guinea Koiarian languages {{papuan-lang-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
	Binanderean Languages The Greater Binanderean or Guhu-Oro languages are a language family spoken along the northeast coast of the Papuan Peninsula – the "Bird's Tail" of New Guinea – and appear to be a recent expansion from the north. They were classified as a branch of the Trans–New Guinea languages by Stephen Wurm (1975) and Malcolm Ross (2005), but removed (along with the related Goilalan languages) by Timothy Usher (2020). The Binandere family proper is transparently valid; Ross connected it to the Guhu-Semane isolate based on pronominal evidence, and this has been confirmed by Smallhorn (2011). Proto-Binanderean (which excludes Guhu-Samane) has been reconstructed in Smallhorn (2011). Language contact There is evidence that settlements of people speaking Oceanic languages along the Binanderean coast were gradually absorbed into inland communities speaking Binanderean languages (Bradshaw 2017). For instance, the SOV word order of Papuan Tip languages is due to Binanderean influence.Bradsha ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
	Managalasi Language Ese, or Managalasi, is a language of Oro Province, Papua New Guinea. Dialects are Muaturaina, Chimona, Dea, Akabafa, Nami, Mesari, Averi, Afore, Minjori, Oko, Wakue, Numba, Jimuni, Karira. Perhaps 40% of speakers are monolingual. It is spoken in the Kawawoki Mission area of Popondetta. Phonology Consonants * Allophones of phonemes /β, tɕ, dʑ, ɾ/ exist as , ts, ɖʐ, ɺ The comma is a punctuation mark that appears in several variants in different languages. It has the same shape as an apostrophe or single closing quotation mark () in many typefaces, but it differs from them in being placed on the baseline ... Vowels * A central vowel sound �can be heard as a result of /i/ preceding /u/. * Allophones of /e, a, o/, exist as � ə ɔ * A semivowel sound occurs when /u/ precedes a stressed vowel. Further reading Parlier, James. 1970. ''Managalasi sentences''. Manuscript. Ukarumpa: SIL-PNG. Parlier, Judith and James Parlier. 1981. ''Managalasi Dictionary' ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
	Tom Dutton (linguist) Tom Dutton (born Thomas Edward Dutton on 10 May 1935 in Dayboro, Queensland, Australia; died 21 December 2021) was an Australian linguist specialising in Papuan languages (particularly the Southeast Papuan languages) and other languages of Papua New Guinea. Pawley, Andrew. 2022. Thomas Edward Dutton (1935–2021). ''Oceanic Linguistics'', vol. 61 no. 1 (Jun 2022), 602-613, . Early life Thomas Edward Dutton was born on 10 May 1935 in Dayboro (near Brisbane) in Queensland, Australia. Dutton's paternal grandparents were English, his maternal grandparents were German. He the eldest of five children and had two brothers and two sisters. His father, Lewis (Ted) Dutton, was the Head Teacher of Mayfield State School. In 1936, Lewis Dutton was transferred to a rural two-teacher school in Gooburrum, located near Bundaberg, where he worked for 37 years. As a result, Dutton spent most of his childhood in Bundaberg. Pawley, Andrew. 2001. Tom Dutton: linguist. In Pawley, A., Ross, M. and Try ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]

	Proto-Koiarian The Koiarian languages Koiari are a small family of Trans–New Guinea languages spoken in the " Bird's Tail" (southeastern peninsula) of New Guinea. They are classified within the Southeast Papuan branch of Trans–New Guinea. Languages The languages are: * Koiaric branch (Koiari): Grass Koiari, Mountain Koiari– Koitabu * Baraic branch ( Managalas Plateau): Barai– Namiae, Ese (Managalasi), Ömie Dutton (2010) classifies the Koiarian languages as: Baraic * Ömie *Barai– Managalasi (incl. Namiae) Koiaric Mountain Koiari Koita – Grass Koiari Proto-language Pronouns Usher (2020) reconstructs the pronouns as: : Vocabulary The following basic vocabulary words of Proto-Koiarian and other lower-level reconstructions are from the Trans-New Guinea database: : Evolution Koiarian reflexes of proto-Trans-New Guinea (pTNG) etyma are: Koiari language: ''muka'' ‘lump’ < maŋgV ‘round object’ ''uni'' ‘egg’ < mun(a,i,u)ka ''idu'' ‘tre ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR:* [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
	Owen Stanley Range Languages The Southeast Papuan or Papuan Peninsula ("Bird's Tail") languages are a group of half a dozen small families of Papuan languages in the "Bird's Tail" (southeastern peninsula) of New Guinea that are part of the Trans–New Guinea (TNG) phylum. Languages The languages are as follows: * Dagan ( Meneao Range) Owen Stanley Range * Koiarian (Koiari – Managalas Plateau) Kwalean (Humene–Uare) Manubaran (Mount Brown) Mailu–Yareban * Yareban ( Musa River) *'' Bauwaki'' * Mailuan (Cloudy Bay Te Koko-o-Kupe / Cloudy Bay is located at the northeast of New Zealand's South Island, to the south of the Marlborough Sounds and north of Clifford Bay. In August 2014, the name Cloudy Bay, given by Captain Cook in 1770, was officially altered ...) They have in common ''ya'' for 'you' (plural) instead of proto-TNG ''gi''. Pronouns Usher (2020) reconstructs the pronouns as: : Lexical comparison The lexical data below is from the Trans-New Guinea database and Usher (2020 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR:* [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
	Koiarian Languages The Koiarian languages Koiari are a small family of Trans–New Guinea languages spoken in the "Bird's Tail" (southeastern peninsula) of New Guinea. They are classified within the Southeast Papuan branch of Trans–New Guinea. Languages The languages are: * Koiaric branch (Koiari): Grass Koiari, Mountain Koiari– Koitabu * Baraic branch ( Managalas Plateau): Barai– Namiae, Ese (Managalasi), Ömie Dutton (2010) classifies the Koiarian languages as: Baraic * Ömie *Barai– Managalasi (incl. Namiae) Koiaric Mountain Koiari Koita – Grass Koiari Proto-language Pronouns Usher (2020) reconstructs the pronouns as: : Vocabulary The following basic vocabulary words of Proto-Koiarian and other lower-level reconstructions are from the Trans-New Guinea database: : Evolution Koiarian reflexes of proto-Trans-New Guinea (pTNG) etyma are: Koiari language: ''muka'' ‘lump’ < maŋgV ‘round object’ ''uni'' ‘egg’ < mun(a,i,u)ka ''idu'' ‘tree ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR:* [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
	Papuan Peninsula Languages The Southeast Papuan or Papuan Peninsula ("Bird's Tail") languages are a group of half a dozen small families of Papuan languages in the "Bird's Tail" (southeastern peninsula) of New Guinea that are part of the Trans–New Guinea (TNG) phylum. Languages The languages are as follows: * Dagan ( Meneao Range) Owen Stanley Range * Koiarian (Koiari – Managalas Plateau) Kwalean (Humene–Uare) Manubaran (Mount Brown) Mailu–Yareban * Yareban (Musa River) *'' Bauwaki'' * Mailuan (Cloudy Bay Te Koko-o-Kupe / Cloudy Bay is located at the northeast of New Zealand's South Island, to the south of the Marlborough Sounds and north of Clifford Bay. In August 2014, the name Cloudy Bay, given by Captain Cook in 1770, was officially altered ...) They have in common ''ya'' for 'you' (plural) instead of proto-TNG ''gi''. Pronouns Usher (2020) reconstructs the pronouns as: : Lexical comparison The lexical data below is from the Trans-New Guinea database and Usher (2020) ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR:* [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
	Koiari Language The Koiarian languages Koiari are a small family of Trans–New Guinea languages spoken in the "Bird's Tail" (southeastern peninsula) of New Guinea. They are classified within the Southeast Papuan branch of Trans–New Guinea. Languages The languages are: * Koiaric branch (Koiari): Grass Koiari, Mountain Koiari– Koitabu * Baraic branch ( Managalas Plateau): Barai– Namiae, Ese (Managalasi), Ömie Dutton (2010) classifies the Koiarian languages as: Baraic * Ömie *Barai– Managalasi (incl. Namiae) Koiaric Mountain Koiari Koita – Grass Koiari Proto-language Pronouns Usher (2020) reconstructs the pronouns as: : Vocabulary The following basic vocabulary words of Proto-Koiarian and other lower-level reconstructions are from the Trans-New Guinea database: : Evolution Koiarian reflexes of proto-Trans-New Guinea (pTNG) etyma are: Koiari language: ''muka'' ‘lump’ < maŋgV ‘round object’ ''uni'' ‘egg’ < mun(a,i,u)ka ''idu'' ‘tre ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR:* [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
	Southeast Papuan Languages The Southeast Papuan or Papuan Peninsula ("Bird's Tail") languages are a group of half a dozen small families of Papuan languages in the "Bird's Tail" (southeastern peninsula) of New Guinea that are part of the Trans–New Guinea (TNG) phylum. Languages The languages are as follows: * Dagan ( Meneao Range) Owen Stanley Range Owen Stanley Range is the south-eastern part of the central mountain-chain in Papua New Guinea. Its highest point is Mount Victoria at , while its most prominent peak is Mount Suckling. History Owen Stanley Range was seen in 1849 by Captain Owe ... * Koiarian (Koiari – Managalas Plateau) Kwalean (Humene–Uare) Manubaran (Mount Brown) Mailu–Yareban * Yareban ( Musa River) *'' Bauwaki'' * Mailuan ( Cloudy Bay) They have in common ''ya'' for 'you' (plural) instead of proto-TNG ''gi''. Pronouns Usher (2020) reconstructs the pronouns as: : Lexical comparison The lexical data below is from the Trans-New Guinea database and Usher (20 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR:* [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
	Managalas Plateau Languages The Koiarian languages Koiari are a small family of Trans–New Guinea languages spoken in the "Bird's Tail" (southeastern peninsula) of New Guinea. They are classified within the Southeast Papuan branch of Trans–New Guinea. Languages The languages are: * Koiaric branch (Koiari): Grass Koiari, Mountain Koiari– Koitabu * Baraic branch ( Managalas Plateau): Barai– Namiae, Ese (Managalasi), Ömie Dutton (2010) classifies the Koiarian languages as: Baraic * Ömie ** Barai– Managalasi (incl. Namiae) Koiaric * Mountain Koiari *Koita – Grass Koiari Proto-language Pronouns Usher (2020) reconstructs the pronouns as: : Vocabulary The following basic vocabulary words of Proto-Koiarian and other lower-level reconstructions are from the Trans-New Guinea database: : Evolution Koiarian reflexes of proto-Trans-New Guinea (pTNG) etyma are: Koiari language: ''muka'' ‘lump’ < maŋgV ‘round object’ ''uni'' ‘egg’ < mun(a,i,u)ka ''idu'' ‘tr ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
	Papua New Guinea Papua New Guinea (abbreviated PNG; , ; tpi, Papua Niugini; ho, Papua Niu Gini), officially the Independent State of Papua New Guinea ( tpi, Independen Stet bilong Papua Niugini; ho, Independen Stet bilong Papua Niu Gini), is a country in Oceania that comprises the eastern half of the island of New Guinea and its offshore islands in Melanesia (a region of the southwestern Pacific Ocean north of Australia). Its capital, located along its southeastern coast, is Port Moresby. The country is the world's third largest island country, with an area of . At the national level, after being ruled by three external powers since 1884, including nearly 60 years of Australian administration starting during World War I, Papua New Guinea established its sovereignty in 1975. It became an independent Commonwealth realm in 1975 with Elizabeth II as its queen. It also became a member of the Commonwealth of Nations in its own right. There are 839 known languages of Papua New Guinea, on ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
	Ese Language Ese, or Managalasi, is a language of Oro Province, Papua New Guinea. Dialects are Muaturaina, Chimona, Dea, Akabafa, Nami, Mesari, Averi, Afore, Minjori, Oko, Wakue, Numba, Jimuni, Karira. Perhaps 40% of speakers are monolingual. It is spoken in the Kawawoki Mission area of Popondetta. Phonology Consonants * Allophones of phonemes /β, tɕ, dʑ, ɾ/ exist as , ts, ɖʐ, ɺ Vowels * A central vowel sound �can be heard as a result of /i/ preceding /u/. * Allophones of /e, a, o/, exist as � ə ɔ * A semivowel sound occurs when /u/ precedes a stressed vowel. Further reading Parlier, James. 1970. ''Managalasi sentences''. Manuscript. Ukarumpa: SIL-PNG. Parlier, Judith and James Parlier. 1981. ''Managalasi Dictionary''. Ukarumpa: SIL-PNG. References Languages of Papua New Guinea Koiarian languages {{papuan-lang-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
	Binanderean Languages The Greater Binanderean or Guhu-Oro languages are a language family spoken along the northeast coast of the Papuan Peninsula – the "Bird's Tail" of New Guinea – and appear to be a recent expansion from the north. They were classified as a branch of the Trans–New Guinea languages by Stephen Wurm (1975) and Malcolm Ross (2005), but removed (along with the related Goilalan languages) by Timothy Usher (2020). The Binandere family proper is transparently valid; Ross connected it to the Guhu-Semane isolate based on pronominal evidence, and this has been confirmed by Smallhorn (2011). Proto-Binanderean (which excludes Guhu-Samane) has been reconstructed in Smallhorn (2011). Language contact There is evidence that settlements of people speaking Oceanic languages along the Binanderean coast were gradually absorbed into inland communities speaking Binanderean languages (Bradshaw 2017). For instance, the SOV word order of Papuan Tip languages is due to Binanderean influence.Bradsha ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
	Managalasi Language Ese, or Managalasi, is a language of Oro Province, Papua New Guinea. Dialects are Muaturaina, Chimona, Dea, Akabafa, Nami, Mesari, Averi, Afore, Minjori, Oko, Wakue, Numba, Jimuni, Karira. Perhaps 40% of speakers are monolingual. It is spoken in the Kawawoki Mission area of Popondetta. Phonology Consonants * Allophones of phonemes /β, tɕ, dʑ, ɾ/ exist as , ts, ɖʐ, ɺ The comma is a punctuation mark that appears in several variants in different languages. It has the same shape as an apostrophe or single closing quotation mark () in many typefaces, but it differs from them in being placed on the baseline ... Vowels * A central vowel sound �can be heard as a result of /i/ preceding /u/. * Allophones of /e, a, o/, exist as � ə ɔ * A semivowel sound occurs when /u/ precedes a stressed vowel. Further reading Parlier, James. 1970. ''Managalasi sentences''. Manuscript. Ukarumpa: SIL-PNG. Parlier, Judith and James Parlier. 1981. ''Managalasi Dictionary' ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
	Tom Dutton (linguist) Tom Dutton (born Thomas Edward Dutton on 10 May 1935 in Dayboro, Queensland, Australia; died 21 December 2021) was an Australian linguist specialising in Papuan languages (particularly the Southeast Papuan languages) and other languages of Papua New Guinea. Pawley, Andrew. 2022. Thomas Edward Dutton (1935–2021). ''Oceanic Linguistics'', vol. 61 no. 1 (Jun 2022), 602-613, . Early life Thomas Edward Dutton was born on 10 May 1935 in Dayboro (near Brisbane) in Queensland, Australia. Dutton's paternal grandparents were English, his maternal grandparents were German. He the eldest of five children and had two brothers and two sisters. His father, Lewis (Ted) Dutton, was the Head Teacher of Mayfield State School. In 1936, Lewis Dutton was transferred to a rural two-teacher school in Gooburrum, located near Bundaberg, where he worked for 37 years. As a result, Dutton spent most of his childhood in Bundaberg. Pawley, Andrew. 2001. Tom Dutton: linguist. In Pawley, A., Ross, M. and Try ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]