Proto-Hmongic Language
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Proto-Hmongic Language
Proto-Hmongic or Proto-Miao ( zh, 原始苗语) is the reconstructed ancestor of the Hmongic languages. Reconstructions In China, the first comprehensive reconstruction of Proto-Hmongic (Proto-Miao) was undertaken by Wang Fushi (1979). Wang's 1979 manuscript was subsequently revised and published as Wang (1994).Wang, Fushi 王輔世. 1994. ''Miaoyu guyin gouni 苗语古音構擬 / Reconstruction of Proto-Miao Language''. Tokyo: Tokyo University of Foreign Studies, Research Institute for Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa (ILCAA) / Ajia Afurika Gengo Bunka Kenkyūjo 國立亞非語言文化硏究所. Ratliff (2010) includes reconstructions of Proto-Hmong–Mien, Proto-Hmongic, and Proto-Mienic. Phonological development Rimes Below are some rime mergers in Proto-Hmongic, in which the first part of the Proto-Hmong-Mien rime is preserved. On the other hand, Proto-Hmongic retains some Proto-Hmong-Mien rime distinctions, whereas Proto-Mienic has merged the rimes. Final s ...
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Proto-Hmong–Mien Language
Proto-Hmong–Mien (PHM), also known as Proto-Miao–Yao (PMY; ), is the reconstructed ancestor of the Hmong–Mien languages. Lower-level reconstructions include Proto-Hmongic and Proto-Mienic. Historical chronology Ratliff (2021) estimates that the split between Hmongic and Mienic had occurred before 2500 BP, since the Old Chinese words tiě ‘iron’ and xià ‘descend’ were both borrowed separately by Proto-Hmongic and Proto-Mienic. In earlier studies, the date of proto-Hmong-Mien has been estimated to be about 2500 BP by Sagart, Blench, and Sanchez-Mazas (2004), as well as by Ratliff (2021:247). It has been estimated to about 4243 BP by the Automated Similarity Judgment Program (ASJP), however, ASJP is not widely accepted among historical linguists as a sufficiently rigorous method to establish or evaluate relationships between language families, since it only makes use of 40 basic vocabulary items. Reconstructions Reconstructions of Proto-Hmong–Mien include the ...
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Complementary Distribution
In linguistics, complementary distribution (as distinct from contrastive distribution and free variation) is the relationship between two different elements of the same kind in which one element is found in one set of environments and the other element is found in a non-intersecting (complementary) set of environments. The term often indicates that two superficially-different elements are the same linguistic unit at a deeper level, though more than two elements can be in complementary distribution with one another. In phonology Complementary distribution is the distribution of phones in their respective phonetic environments in which one phone never appears in the same phonetic context as the other. When two variants are in complementary distribution, one can predict when each will occur because one can simply look at the environment in which the allophone is occurring. Complementary distribution is commonly applied to phonology in which similar phones in complementary distribu ...
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Mashan Miao Language
Mang, or Mashan Miao also known as Mashan Hmong (麻山 ''máshān''), is a Miao language of China, spoken primarily in Ziyun Miao and Buyei Autonomous County, southwestern Guizhou province, southwest China. The endonym is ''Mang'', similar to other West Hmongic languages such as Mong. Varieties Mang was classified as a branch of Western Hmongic in Wang (1985), who listed four varieties. Matisoff (2001) gave these four varieties the status of separate languages, and, conservatively, did not retain them as a single group within West Hmongic. Li Yunbing (2000) added two minor varieties which had been left unclassified in Wang, Southeastern (Strecker's "Luodian Muyin") and Southwestern ("Wangmo"). *Central Mang: 70,000 speakers *Northern Mang: 35,000 *Western Mang: 14,000 *Southern Mang: 10,000 *Southeastern Mang: 4,000 *Southwestern Mang: 4,000 Demographics Below is a list of Miao dialects and their respective speaker populations and distributions from Li (2018), along with re ...
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Hmu Language
The Hmu language (''hveb Hmub''), also known as Qiandong Miao (黔东, Eastern Guizhou Miao), Central Miao (中部苗语), East Hmongic (Ratliff 2010), or (somewhat ambiguously) Black Miao, is a dialect cluster of Hmongic languages of China. The best studied dialect is that of Yǎnghāo (养蒿) village, Taijiang County, Guizhou Province. Qanu (咯努), a Hmu variety, had 11,450 speakers as of 2000, and is spoken just south of Kaili City, Guizhou. The Qanu are ethnoculturally distinct from the other Hmu. Names Autonyms include ' in Kaili City, Kaili, ' in Jinping County, Guizhou, Jinping County, ' in Tianzhu County, Guizhou, Tianzhu County, ' in Huangping County, ' in some parts of Qiandongnan (''Miaoyu Jianzhi 苗语简志'' 1985), and ' in Rongshui Miao Autonomous County, Guangxi. Ná-Meo language, Ná-Meo, spoken by the Mieu people of Cao Minh, Lạng Sơn, Cao Minh Commune, Tràng Định District, Lạng Sơn Province, Vietnam, may be closely related. Subdivisions and distr ...
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Sesquisyllable
Primarily in Austroasiatic languages (also known as Mon–Khmer), in a typical word, a minor syllable, presyllable, or sesquisyllable, is a reduced (minor) syllable followed by a full tonic or stressed syllable. The minor syllable may be of the form or , with a reduced vowel, as in colloquial Khmer, or of the form with no vowel at all, as in Mlabri 'navel' (minor syllable ) and 'underneath' (minor syllable ), and Khasi 'rule' (minor syllable ), ''syrwet'' 'sign' (minor syllable ), 'transform' (minor syllable ), 'seed' (minor syllable ) and ''tyngkai'' 'conserve' (minor syllable ). This iambic pattern is sometimes called sesquisyllabic (lit. 'one and a half syllables'), a term coined by the American linguist James Matisoff in 1973 (Matisoff 1973:86). Although the term may be applied to any word with an iambic structure, it is more narrowly defined as a syllable with a consonant cluster whose phonetic realization is ǝC In historical linguistics Sometimes minor sylla ...
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Velarization
Velarization merican spelling/small> or velarisation ritish spelling/sup> is a secondary articulation of consonants by which the back of the tongue is raised toward the velum during the articulation of the consonant. In the International Phonetic Alphabet, velarization is transcribed by one of four diacritics: *A tilde or swung dash through the letter covers velarization, uvularization and pharyngealization, as in (the velarized equivalent of ) *A superscript Latin gamma after the letter standing for the velarized consonant, as in (a velarized ) *To distinguish velarization from a velar fricative release, may be used instead of *A superscript indicates either simultaneous velarization and labialization, as in or , or labialization of a velar consonant, as in . Although electropalatographic studies have shown that there is a continuum of possible degrees of velarization, the IPA does not specify any way to indicate degrees of velarization, as the difference has ...
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Linguistics Of The Tibeto-Burman Area
''Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area'' is a biannual peer-reviewed academic journal covering research on the Sino-Tibetan languages and other mainland Southeast Asian languages. It was established in 1974 and was closely associated with the Sino-Tibetan Etymological Dictionary and Thesaurus project led by James A. Matisoff until the project's end in 2015. Starting from volume 37 (2014), it has been published by John Benjamins Publishing Company. The journal is abstracted and indexed in Scopus Scopus is a scientific abstract and citation database, launched by the academic publisher Elsevier as a competitor to older Web of Science in 2004. The ensuing competition between the two databases has been characterized as "intense" and is c .... See also *'' Journal of the Southeast Asian Linguistics Society'' *'' Oceanic Linguistics'' References External links *Volumes 1-29(open access) Biannual journals Academic journals established in 1974 English-language journals H ...
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Xong Language
The Xong language ( ) is the northernmost Hmongic language, spoken in south-central China by around 0.9 million people. It is called (, "Western Hunan Miao") in Chinese, as well as Eastern Miao (). In Western sources, it has been called Meo, Red Miao, and North Hmongic. An official alphabet was adopted in 1956. Distribution Xong is spoken mainly in Hunan province, but also in a few areas of Guizhou and Hubei provinces, Guangxi, and Chongqing municipality in China. Xong-speaking communities, by county, are: *Western (Xong): 800,000 speakers (autonym ') **Hunan *** Huayuan County, Xiangxi ***Jishou, Xiangxi *** Fenghuang County, Xiangxi *** Baojing County, Xiangxi ***Longshan County, Xiangxi *** Xinhuang Dong Autonomous County, Huaihua ***Mayang Miao Autonomous County, Huaihua **Guizhou *** Songtao Miao Autonomous County *** Tongren County **Hubei *** Xuan'en County **Chongqing *** Xiushan Tujia and Miao Autonomous County, Qianjiang *** Youyang Tujia and Miao Autono ...
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Hmongic Languages
The Hmongic languages, also known as Miao languages ( zh, s=苗语, p=Miáoyǔ), include the various languages spoken by the Miao people (such as Hmong, Hmu, and Xong). Hmongic languages also include various languages spoken by non- Mienic-speaking Yao people, such as Pa-Hng, Bunu, Jiongnai, Younuo, and others, while She is spoken by ethnic She people. Names ''Miao'' () is the Chinese name and the one used by Miao in China. However, ''Hmong'' is more familiar in the West, due to Hmong emigration. Hmong is the biggest subgroup within the Hmongic peoples. Many overseas Hmong prefer the name ''Hmong'', and claim that ''Meo'' (a Southeast Asian language change from Miao) is both inaccurate and pejorative, though it is generally considered neutral by the Miao community in China. Of the core Hmongic languages spoken by ethnic Miao, there are a number of overlapping names. The three branches are as follows, as named by Purnell (in English and Chinese), Ratliff, and scholars in ...
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Pa-Hng Language
Pa-Hng (also spelled Pa-Hung; ) is a divergent Hmongic (Miao) language spoken in Guizhou, Guangxi, and Hunan in southern China as well as northern Vietnam. Classification Pa-Hng has long been recognized as divergent. Benedict (1986) argued that one of its dialects constituted a separate branch of the Miao–Yao family. Ratliff found it to be the most divergent Hmongic (Miao) language that she analyzed. This Bahengic branch also includes Younuo (Yuno) and Wunai (Hm Nai). Names Pa-Hng speakers are called by the following names: *' (巴哼) *' (唔奈) *Red Yao (红瑶) *Flowery Yao (花瑶) *Eight Surname Yao (八姓瑶) In Liping County, Guizhou, the Dong people call the Pa-Hng ' (嘎优), while the Miao people call them ' (大达优). In Tongdao County, Hunan, the Pa-Hng (') are also known as the Seven Surname Yao 七姓瑶, since they have the seven surnames of Shen 沈, Lan 兰, Dai 戴, Deng 邓, Ding 丁, Pu 蒲, and Feng 奉.''Tongdao Dong Autonomous County Ethnic Gaze ...
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