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Protein Kinase N1
Serine/threonine-protein kinase N1 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ''PKN1'' gene. Function The protein encoded by this gene belongs to the protein kinase C superfamily. This kinase is activated by Rho family of small G proteins and may mediate the Rho-dependent signaling pathway. This kinase can be activated by phospholipids and by limited proteolysis. The 3-phosphoinositide dependent protein kinase-1 (PDPK1/PDK1) is reported to phosphorylate this kinase, which may mediate insulin signals to the actin cytoskeleton. The proteolytic activation of this kinase by caspase-3 or related proteases during apoptosis suggests its role in signal transduction related to apoptosis. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding distinct isoforms have been observed. Interactions Protein kinase N1 has been shown to interact with: * AKAP9, * Actinin, alpha 1, * CCDC85B, * NEFL, * NEUROD2 * Phosphoinositide-dependent kinase-1, * Phospholipase D1, * RHOA, and * ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Enzyme
An enzyme () is a protein that acts as a biological catalyst by accelerating chemical reactions. The molecules upon which enzymes may act are called substrate (chemistry), substrates, and the enzyme converts the substrates into different molecules known as product (chemistry), products. Almost all metabolism, metabolic processes in the cell (biology), cell need enzyme catalysis in order to occur at rates fast enough to sustain life. Metabolic pathways depend upon enzymes to catalyze individual steps. The study of enzymes is called ''enzymology'' and the field of pseudoenzyme, pseudoenzyme analysis recognizes that during evolution, some enzymes have lost the ability to carry out biological catalysis, which is often reflected in their amino acid sequences and unusual 'pseudocatalytic' properties. Enzymes are known to catalyze more than 5,000 biochemical reaction types. Other biocatalysts include Ribozyme, catalytic RNA molecules, also called ribozymes. They are sometimes descr ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Gene
In biology, the word gene has two meanings. The Mendelian gene is a basic unit of heredity. The molecular gene is a sequence of nucleotides in DNA that is transcribed to produce a functional RNA. There are two types of molecular genes: protein-coding genes and non-coding genes. During gene expression (the synthesis of Gene product, RNA or protein from a gene), DNA is first transcription (biology), copied into RNA. RNA can be non-coding RNA, directly functional or be the intermediate protein biosynthesis, template for the synthesis of a protein. The transmission of genes to an organism's offspring, is the basis of the inheritance of phenotypic traits from one generation to the next. These genes make up different DNA sequences, together called a genotype, that is specific to every given individual, within the gene pool of the population (biology), population of a given species. The genotype, along with environmental and developmental factors, ultimately determines the phenotype ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
AKAP9
A-kinase anchor protein 9 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''AKAP9'' gene. AKAP9 is also known as Centrosome- and Golgi-localized protein kinase N-associated protein (CG-NAP) or AKAP350 or AKAP450 Function The A-kinase anchor proteins (AKAPs) are a group of structurally diverse proteins which have the common function of binding to the regulatory subunit of protein kinase A (PKA) and confining the holoenzyme to discrete locations within the cell. This gene encodes a member of the AKAP family. Alternate splicing of this gene results in many isoforms that localize to the centrosome and the Golgi apparatus, and interact with numerous signaling proteins from multiple signal transduction pathways. These signaling proteins include type II protein kinase A, protein kinase N1, serine/threonine kinase protein kinase N, protein phosphatase 1, protein phosphatase 2a, PRKCE, protein kinase C-epsilon and PDE4D, phosphodiesterase 4D3. Interactions AKAP9 has been shown to Prot ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Actinin, Alpha 1
Alpha-actinin-1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''ACTN1'' gene. Function Alpha actinins belong to the spectrin gene superfamily which represents a diverse group of cytoskeletal proteins, including the alpha and beta spectrins and dystrophins. Alpha-actinin-1 is an F-actin cross-linking protein – a bundling protein that is thought to anchor actin to a number of intracellular structures. Alpha-actinin-1 is a non-muscle cytoskeletal isoform found along microfilament bundles and adherens-type junctions, where it is involved in binding actin to the membrane. In contrast, skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscle isoforms are localized to the Z-disc and analogous dense bodies, where they help anchor the myofibrillar actin filaments. Interactions Alpha-actinin-1 has been shown to interact with: * CDK5R1, * CDK5R2, * Collagen, type XVII, alpha 1, * GIPC1, * PDLIM1, * Protein kinase N1, * SSX2IP, and * Zyxin. *PTPRT (PTPrho) See also * Actinin Actinin is a microfil ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
CCDC85B
Coiled-coil domain-containing protein 85B is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''CCDC85B'' gene. Function Hepatitis delta virus (HDV) is a pathogenic human virus whose RNA genome and replication cycle resemble those of plant viroids. Delta-interacting protein A (DIPA), a cellular gene product, has been found to have homology to hepatitis delta virus antigen (HDAg). DIPA interacts with the viral antigen, HDAg, and can affect HDV replication ''in vitro''. Interactions CCDC85B has been shown to interact with: * C19orf25, * KIAA1267, * Keratin 17, and * Protein kinase N1 Serine/threonine-protein kinase N1 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ''PKN1'' gene. Function The protein encoded by this gene belongs to the protein kinase C superfamily. This kinase is activated by Rho family of small G proteins .... References External links * Further reading * * * * * * {{gene-11-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
NEFL
Neurofilament light polypeptide is a protein that in humans is encoded by the NEFL gene. Structure Neurofilament light polypeptide is a member of the intermediate filament protein family. This protein family consists of over 50 human proteins divided into 5 major classes, the Class I and II keratins, Class III vimentin, Glial fibrillary acidic protein, GFAP, desmin and the others, the Class IV neurofilaments and the Class V nuclear lamins. There are four major neurofilament subunits, NF-L, NF-M, NF-H and α-internexin. These form heteropolymers which assemble to produce 10 nm neurofilaments which are only expressed in neurons where they are major structural proteins, particularly concentrated in large projection axons. The NF-L protein is encoded by the ''NEFL'' gene. Function These neurofilament heteropolymers assemble into the cytoskeleton of axons, where they provide structural support and help regulate axonal diameter and conduction velocity. Axons are particularly sens ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
NEUROD2
Neurogenic differentiation factor 2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''NEUROD2'' gene. Function This gene encodes a member of the neuroD family of neurogenic basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) proteins. Expression of this gene can induce transcription from neuron-specific promoters, such as the GAP-43 promoter, which contain a specific DNA sequence known as an E-box. The product of the human gene can induce neurogenic differentiation in non-neuronal cells in Xenopus embryos, and is thought to play a role in the determination and maintenance of neuronal cell fates. Interactions NEUROD2 has been shown to interact with Protein kinase N1 Serine/threonine-protein kinase N1 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ''PKN1'' gene. Function The protein encoded by this gene belongs to the protein kinase C superfamily. This kinase is activated by Rho family of small G proteins .... References Further reading * * * * * * * * * External links * ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Phosphoinositide-dependent Kinase-1
In the field of biochemistry, PDPK1 refers to the protein 3-phosphoinositide-dependent protein kinase-1, an enzyme which is encoded by the ''PDPK1'' gene in humans. It is implicated in the development and progression of melanomas. Function PDPK1 is a master kinase, which is crucial for the activation of AKT/PKB and many other AGC kinases including PKC, S6K, SGK. An important role for PDPK1 is in the signaling pathways activated by several growth factors and hormones including insulin signaling. Mice lacking PDPK1 die during early embryonic development, indicating that this enzyme is critical for transmitting the growth-promoting signals necessary for normal mammalian development. Mice that are deficient in PDPK1 have a ≈40% decrease in body mass, mild glucose intolerance, and are resistant to cancer brought about by hyperactivation of the PI3K pathway (PTEN+/-). Plant PDK1 plays an important role in regulating PIN-mediated auxin transport, and is thus involved in va ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Phospholipase D1
Phospholipase D1 (PLD1) is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ''PLD1'' gene, though analogues are found in plants, fungi, prokaryotes, and even viruses. History The possibility of PLD1 was first mentioned in 1947 by authors Hanahan and Chaikoff at Berkeley when describing a carrot enzyme that could " plitcholine from phospholipids." PLD was first derived in mammals in 1975 by Saito and Kanfer, who noted its activity in rats. PLD was first cloned from HeLa cell cDNA in 1995, while mammalian PLD1 was first cloned from a rat in 1997. Function Phosphatidylcholine (PC)-specific phospholipases D (PLDs) catalyze the hydrolysis of PC to produce phosphatidic acid (PA) and choline. A range of agonists acting through G protein-coupled receptors and receptor tyrosine kinases stimulate this hydrolysis. PC-specific PLD activity has been implicated in numerous cellular pathways, including membrane trafficking, signal transduction, platelet coagulation, mitosis, apoptosis, and ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
RHOA
Transforming protein RhoA, also known as Ras homolog family member A (RhoA), is a small GTPase protein in the Rho family of GTPases that in humans is encoded by the ''RHOA'' gene. While the effects of RhoA activity are not all well known, it is primarily associated with cytoskeleton regulation, mostly actin stress fibers formation and actomyosin contractility. It acts upon several effectors. Among them, ROCK1 (Rho-associated, coiled-coil containing protein kinase 1) and DIAPH1 (Diaphanous Homologue 1, a.k.a. hDia1, homologue to mDia1 in mouse, diaphanous in ''Drosophila'') are the best described. RhoA, and the other Rho GTPases, are part of a larger family of related proteins known as the Ras superfamily, a family of proteins involved in the regulation and timing of cell division. RhoA is one of the oldest Rho GTPases, with homologues present in the genomes since 1.5 billion years. As a consequence, RhoA is somehow involved in many cellular processes which emerged throughout ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Vimentin
Vimentin is a structural protein that in humans is encoded by the ''VIM'' gene. Its name comes from the Latin ''vimentum'' which refers to an array of flexible rods. Vimentin is a Intermediate filament#Type III, type III intermediate filament (IF) protein that is expressed in mesenchymal cells. Intermediate filament, IF proteins are found in all Animal, animal cells as well as bacteria. Intermediate filaments, along with tubulin-based microtubules and actin-based microfilaments, comprise the cytoskeleton. All IF proteins are expressed in a highly developmentally-regulated fashion; vimentin is the major cytoskeletal component of mesenchymal cells. Because of this, vimentin is often used as a marker of mesenchymally-derived cells or cells undergoing an Epithelial-mesenchymal transition, epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) during both normal development and Metastasis, metastatic progression. Structure The assembly of the fibrous vimentin filament that forms the cytosk ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
