|
Protathlitis Cinctorrensis
''Protathlitis'' (meaning "champion") is a genus of spinosaurid dinosaur from the Early Cretaceous (Barremian) Arcillas de Morella Formation of Province of Castellón, Castellón, Spain. The type species, type and Monotypic taxon, only species is ''Protathlitis cinctorrensis'', known from a partial skeleton. It was a Basal (phylogenetics), basal member of the Baryonychinae. Its discovery, as well as those of the spinosaurids ''Camarillasaurus'', ''Iberospinus'', ''Riojavenatrix'', and the contemporary ''Vallibonavenatrix'' shows that the Iberian Peninsula held a diverse assemblage of spinosaurids during the Early Cretaceous. Discovery and naming The holotype remains, the maxillary fragment 8ANA-109 and caudal vertebrae 3ANA83, 4ANA43, 4ANA69, 4ANA76, and 5ANA78, were recovered from the ANA site of the Arcillas de Morella Formation, which was discovered in 1998 and remained unexplored until 2002. A tooth, 4ANA-11, possibly from the left mandible or right maxilla, was also referr ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Early Cretaceous
The Early Cretaceous (geochronology, geochronological name) or the Lower Cretaceous (chronostratigraphy, chronostratigraphic name) is the earlier or lower of the two major divisions of the Cretaceous. It is usually considered to stretch from 143.1 Megaannum#SI prefix multipliers, Ma to 100.5 Ma. Geology Proposals for the exact age of the Barremian–Aptian boundary ranged from 126 to 117 Ma until recently (as of 2019), but based on drillholes in Svalbard the defining Anoxic event#Cretaceous, early Aptian Oceanic Anoxic Event 1a (OAE1a) was dated to 123.1±0.3 Ma, limiting the possible range for the boundary to c. 122–121 Ma. There is a possible link between this anoxic event and a series of Early Cretaceous large igneous provinces (LIP). The Ontong Java Plateau, Ontong Java-Manihiki Plateau, Manihiki-Hikurangi Plateau, Hikurangi large igneous province, emplaced in the South Pacific at c. 120 Ma, is by far the largest LIP in Earth's history. The Onto ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Caudal Vertebrae
Caudal vertebrae are the vertebrae of the tail in many vertebrates. In birds, the last few caudal vertebrae fuse into the pygostyle, and in apes, including humans, the caudal vertebrae are fused into the coccyx. In many reptiles, some of the caudal vertebrae bear ribs, the caudal ribs, though these are often fused with the vertebrae. The caudal vertebrae often articulate with haemal arches ventrally. The number of caudal vertebrae in animals can vary greatly. Anguid lizards have been reported to have as many as 111 caudal vertebrae, whereas as few as seven are present in the tail of the early therapsid ''Tapinocaninus''. In lepidosaurs and captorhinids, the caudal vertebrae possess fracture planes at mid-length that allow caudal autotomy. In frogs, the few caudal vertebrae are fused together to form part of the urostyle. References Skeletal system Vertebrate anatomy {{vertebrate-anatomy-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Baryonyx
''Baryonyx'' () is a genus of theropod dinosaur which lived in the Barremian stage of the Early Cretaceous period, about 130–125 million years ago. The first skeleton was discovered in 1983 in the Smokejack Clay Pit, of Surrey, England, in sediments of the Weald Clay Formation, and became the holotype specimen of ''Baryonyx walkeri'', named by palaeontologists Alan J. Charig and Angela C. Milner in 1986. The genus name ''Baryonyx'' comes from Ancient Greek βαρύς (''barús''), meaning "heavy" or "strong", and ὄνυξ (''ónux''), meaning "claw", alluding to the animal's very large claw on the first finger; the specific name, ''walkeri'', refers to its discoverer, amateur fossil collector William J. Walker. The holotype specimen is one of the most complete theropod skeletons from the UK (and remains the most complete spinosaurid), and its discovery attracted media attention. Specimens later discovered in other parts of the United Kingdom and Iberia have also bee ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Protathlitis UDL
''Protathlitis'' (meaning "champion") is a genus of spinosaurid dinosaur from the Early Cretaceous (Barremian) Arcillas de Morella Formation of Castellón, Spain. The type and only species is ''Protathlitis cinctorrensis'', known from a partial skeleton. It was a basal member of the Baryonychinae. Its discovery, as well as those of the spinosaurids ''Camarillasaurus'', ''Iberospinus'', ''Riojavenatrix'', and the contemporary ''Vallibonavenatrix'' shows that the Iberian Peninsula held a diverse assemblage of spinosaurids during the Early Cretaceous. Discovery and naming The holotype remains, the maxillary fragment 8ANA-109 and caudal vertebrae 3ANA83, 4ANA43, 4ANA69, 4ANA76, and 5ANA78, were recovered from the ANA site of the Arcillas de Morella Formation, which was discovered in 1998 and remained unexplored until 2002. A tooth, 4ANA-11, possibly from the left mandible or right maxilla, was also referred. The remains were described as a new genus and species of spinosaurid ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Camarillasaurus Restoration
''Camarillasaurus'' (meaning "Camarillas lizard") is a genus of theropod dinosaur from the Early Cretaceous period (Barremian) of Camarillas, Teruel Province, in what is now northeastern Spain. Described in 2014, it was originally identified as a ceratosaurian theropod, but later studies suggested affinities to the Spinosauridae. If it does represent a spinosaur, ''Camarillasaurus'' would be one of several spinosaurid taxa known from the Iberian peninsula, the others being ''Iberospinus'', ''Protathlitis'', ''Baryonyx'', ''Riojavenatrix'', and ''Vallibonavenatrix''. Discovery and naming Fossils of ''Camarillasaurus'' were discovered in the Camarillas Formation. The type species, ''Camarillasaurus cirugedae'', was described by palaeontologists Bárbara Sánchez-Hernández and Michael J. Benton. The generic name, "Camarillasaurus''", combines a reference to the geologic formation in which the holotype was found with the Greek "sauros", meaning "lizard". The specific name, "''cir ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Spinosauridae
Spinosauridae (or spinosaurids) is a clade or Family (taxonomy), family of tetanuran theropod dinosaurs comprising ten to seventeen known genera. Spinosaurid fossils have been recovered worldwide, including Africa, Europe, South America, and Asia. Their remains have generally been attributed to the Early Cretaceous, Early to early Late Cretaceous. Spinosaurids were large Bipedalism, bipedal carnivores. Their crocodilian-like skulls were long, low, and narrow, bearing conical teeth with reduced or absent Glossary of dinosaur anatomy#serrations, serrations. The tips of their upper and Glossary of dinosaur anatomy#mandible, lower jaws fanned out into a spoon-shaped structure similar to a Rosette (design), rosette, behind which there was a Glossary of dinosaur anatomy#subnarial gap, notch in the upper jaw that the expanded tip of the lower jaw fit into. The Glossary of dinosaur anatomy#bony nostrils, nostrils of spinosaurids were retracted to a position further back on the head than in ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Protathlitis
''Protathlitis'' (meaning "champion") is a genus of spinosaurid dinosaur from the Early Cretaceous (Barremian) Arcillas de Morella Formation of Castellón, Spain. The type and only species is ''Protathlitis cinctorrensis'', known from a partial skeleton. It was a basal member of the Baryonychinae. Its discovery, as well as those of the spinosaurids ''Camarillasaurus'', ''Iberospinus'', ''Riojavenatrix'', and the contemporary ''Vallibonavenatrix'' shows that the Iberian Peninsula held a diverse assemblage of spinosaurids during the Early Cretaceous. Discovery and naming The holotype remains, the maxillary fragment 8ANA-109 and caudal vertebrae 3ANA83, 4ANA43, 4ANA69, 4ANA76, and 5ANA78, were recovered from the ANA site of the Arcillas de Morella Formation, which was discovered in 1998 and remained unexplored until 2002. A tooth, 4ANA-11, possibly from the left mandible or right maxilla, was also referred. The remains were described as a new genus and species of spinosaurid ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cladogram
A cladogram (from Greek language, Greek ''clados'' "branch" and ''gramma'' "character") is a diagram used in cladistics to show relations among organisms. A cladogram is not, however, an Phylogenetic tree, evolutionary tree because it does not show how ancestors are related to descendants, nor does it show how much they have changed, so many differing evolutionary trees can be consistent with the same cladogram. A cladogram uses lines that branch off in different directions ending at a clade, a group of organisms with a last common ancestor. There are many shapes of cladograms but they all have lines that branch off from other lines. The lines can be traced back to where they branch off. These branching off points represent a hypothetical ancestor (not an actual entity) which can be inferred to exhibit the traits shared among the terminal taxa above it. This hypothetical ancestor might then provide clues about the order of evolution of various features, adaptation, and other e ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Phylogenetic Analysis
In biology, phylogenetics () is the study of the evolutionary history of life using observable characteristics of organisms (or genes), which is known as phylogenetic inference. It infers the relationship among organisms based on empirical data and observed heritable traits of DNA sequences, protein amino acid sequences, and morphology. The results are a phylogenetic tree—a diagram depicting the hypothetical relationships among the organisms, reflecting their inferred evolutionary history. The tips of a phylogenetic tree represent the observed entities, which can be living taxa or fossils. A phylogenetic diagram can be rooted or unrooted. A rooted tree diagram indicates the hypothetical common ancestor of the taxa represented on the tree. An unrooted tree diagram (a network) makes no assumption about directionality of character state transformation, and does not show the origin or "root" of the taxa in question. In addition to their use for inferring phylogenetic patterns a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Historical Biology
''Historical Biology'' is a peer-reviewed scientific journal of paleobiology. It was established in 1988, and is published by Taylor & Francis. The journal is edited by Mark T. Young. Abstracting and indexing The journal is abstracted and indexed in the following databases. According to the ''Journal Citation Reports'', the journal has a 2023 impact factor The impact factor (IF) or journal impact factor (JIF) of an academic journal is a type of journal ranking. Journals with higher impact factor values are considered more prestigious or important within their field. The Impact Factor of a journa ... of 1.4. References External links * Biology journals Taylor & Francis academic journals Academic journals established in 1988 Paleontology journals 8 times per year journals {{paleontology-journal-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Tooth Root
Dental anatomy is a field of anatomy dedicated to the study of human tooth structures. The development, appearance, and classification of teeth fall within its purview. (The function of teeth as they contact one another falls elsewhere, under dental occlusion.) Tooth formation begins before birth, and the teeth's eventual morphology is dictated during this time. Dental anatomy is also a taxonomical science: it is concerned with the naming of teeth and the structures of which they are made, this information serving a practical purpose in dental treatment. Usually, there are 20 primary ("baby") teeth and 32 permanent teeth, the last four being third molars or "wisdom teeth", each of which may or may not grow in. Among primary teeth, 10 usually are found in the maxilla (upper jaw) and the other 10 in the mandible (lower jaw). Among permanent teeth, 16 are found in the maxilla and the other 16 in the mandible. Each tooth has specific distinguishing features. Growing of tooth ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cinctorres
Cinctorres is a town in the province of Castellón, Valencian Community, Spain, pertaining to the region of the Ports of Morella. , it has 498 inhabitants. Geography The municipality is located in a small plateau between Monte Bovalar and the valley of Caldes river. Thanks to its position, the city offers spectacular landscaping views. It is not uncommon to see the flight of vultures, which nest in the environs of the nearby rocks. Bordering towns Todolella, La Mata de Morella, Portell de Morella, Castellfort, Morella and Forcall, all in the province of Castellón. Main sights *Hermitages of St. Mark (16th century) and St. Peter Martyr (17th century) *Parish church of St. Peter the Apostle (18th century), in Baroque style *''Torre dels Moros'' ("Moorish Tower") *Late-Gothic Town Hall (16th century) *Palace of St. John (17th century) *Old Hospital (16th century), housing a permanent collection of fossils and historical daily life tools Economy The main economic activ ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
