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Protais Zigiranyirazo
Protais Zigiranyirazo (born 2 February 1938) commonly known as Monsieur Zed ("Mr. Z"), is a Rwandan businessman and politician and was governor of the Ruhengeri prefecture in northwestern Rwanda from 1974 to 1989. Zigiranyirazo was a member of the Akazu, an elite circle of relatives and friends of former President Juvénal Habyarimana who pushed the Hutu Power ideology. Accused of war crimes during the Rwandan genocide of 1994, he was ultimately acquitted by the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda, after spending six years in prison. Career An ethnic Hutu, Zigiranyirazo was the brother of Agathe Kanziga and brother-in-law of President Juvénal Habyarimana, who came to power in Rwanda in the Coup d'état of 5 July 1973. He was well-connected to the Hutu establishment of politicians, businessmen, and military officers which thereafter controlled the country. In 1974, Habyarimana appointed Zigiranyirazo as governor of Ruhengeri, a position he kept for fifteen years. ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Rwanda-Urundi
Ruanda-Urundi (), later Rwanda-Burundi, was a geopolitical entity, once part of German East Africa, that was occupied by troops from the Belgian Congo during the East African campaign in World War I and was administered by Belgium under military occupation from 1916 to 1922. It was subsequently awarded to Belgium as a Class-B Mandate under the League of Nations in 1922 and became a Trust Territory of the United Nations in the aftermath of World War II and the dissolution of the League. In 1962 Ruanda-Urundi became the two independent states of Rwanda and Burundi. History Ruanda and Urundi were two separate kingdoms in the Great Lakes region before the Scramble for Africa. In 1897, the German Empire established a presence in Rwanda with the formation of an alliance with the king, beginning the colonial era. They were administered as two districts of German East Africa. The two monarchies were retained as part of the German policy of indirect rule, with the Ruandan king ('' ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Nairobi
Nairobi is the Capital city, capital and largest city of Kenya. The city lies in the south-central part of Kenya, at an elevation of . The name is derived from the Maasai language, Maasai phrase , which translates to 'place of cool waters', a reference to the Nairobi River which flows through the city. The city proper had a population of 4,397,073 in the 2019 census. Nairobi is home of the Parliament Buildings (Kenya), Kenyan Parliament Buildings and hosts thousands of Kenyan businesses and international companies and organisations, including the United Nations Environment Programme (UN Environment) and the United Nations Office at Nairobi (UNON). Nairobi is an established hub for business and culture. The Nairobi Securities Exchange (NSE) is one of the largest stock exchanges in Africa and the second-oldest exchange on the continent. It is Africa's fourth-largest stock exchange in terms of trading volume, capable of making 10 million trades a day. It also contains the Nairobi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hutu People
The Hutu (), also known as the Abahutu, are a Bantu peoples, Bantu ethnic group native to the African Great Lakes region. They mainly live in Rwanda, Burundi, and Uganda where they form one of the principal ethnic groups alongside the Tutsi and the Great Lakes Twa. Demographics The Hutu is the largest of the three main population divisions in Burundi and Rwanda. Prior to 2017, the CIA World Factbook stated that 84% of Rwandans and 85% of Burundians are Hutu, with Tutsi people, Tutsis being the second largest ethnic group at 15% and 14% of residents of Rwanda and Burundi, respectively. However, these figures were omitted in 2017 and no new figures have been published since then. The Great Lakes Twa, Twa pygmy, pygmies, the smallest of the two countries' principal populations, share language and culture with the Hutu and Tutsi. They are distinguished by a considerably shorter stature. Etymology The idea that Hutu is etymologically derived from a word that signifies s ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Living People
Purpose: Because living persons may suffer personal harm from inappropriate information, we should watch their articles carefully. By adding an article to this category, it marks them with a notice about sources whenever someone tries to edit them, to remind them of WP:BLP (biographies of living persons) policy that these articles must maintain a neutral point of view, maintain factual accuracy, and be properly sourced. Recent changes to these articles are listed on Special:RecentChangesLinked/Living people. Organization: This category should not be sub-categorized. Entries are generally sorted by family name In many societies, a surname, family name, or last name is the mostly hereditary portion of one's personal name that indicates one's family. It is typically combined with a given name to form the full name of a person, although several give .... Maintenance: Individuals of advanced age (over 90), for whom there has been no new documentation in the last ten ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1938 Births
Events January * January 1 – state-owned enterprise, State-owned railway networks are created by merger, in France (SNCF) and the Netherlands (Nederlandse Spoorwegen – NS). * January 20 – King Farouk of Egypt marries Safinaz Zulficar, who becomes Farida of Egypt, Queen Farida, in Cairo. * January 27 – The Honeymoon Bridge (Niagara Falls), Honeymoon Bridge at Niagara Falls, New York, collapses as a result of an ice jam. February * February 4 ** Adolf Hitler abolishes the War Ministry and creates the Oberkommando der Wehrmacht (High Command of the Armed Forces), giving him direct control of the German military. In addition, he dismisses political and military leaders considered unsympathetic to his philosophy or policies. General Werner von Fritsch is forced to resign as Commander of Chief of the German Army following accusations of homosexuality, and replaced by General Walther von Brauchitsch. Foreign Minister Baron Konstantin von Neurath is dismi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Miscarriage Of Justice
A miscarriage of justice occurs when an unfair outcome occurs in a criminal or civil proceeding, such as the conviction and punishment of a person for a crime they did not commit. Miscarriages are also known as wrongful convictions. Innocent people have sometimes ended up in prison for years before their conviction has eventually been overturned. They may be exonerated if new evidence comes to light or it is determined that the police or prosecutor committed some kind of misconduct at the original trial. In some jurisdictions this leads to the payment of compensation.Compensating The Wrongly Convicted , Innocence Project Academic studies have found that the main factors contributing to miscarriages of justice are: [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Nancy Combs
Nancy Amoury Combs is an American legal scholar known for her work on international criminal law. She is Ernest W. Goodrich Professor of Law and director of the Human Security Law Center and Cabell Research Professor at the William & Mary Law School. Education Combs has a Bachelor of Arts degree in philosophy from the University of Portland, a Juris Doctor from the UC Berkeley School of Law, and a PhD from Leiden University. Career Combs served as a law clerk for Judge Diarmuid O'Scannlain Supreme Court Justice Anthony Kennedy. She joined the faculty at the William & Mary Law School in 2004. Combs is the author of the books ''Guilty Pleas in International Criminal Law: Constructing a Restorative Justice Approach'' (2007) and ''Fact-Finding Without Facts: The Uncertain Evidentiary Foundations of International Criminal Convictions'' (2010). Reviews: * * * * * * * See also * List of law clerks of the Supreme Court of the United States (Seat 1) A list is a set of discr ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Khalida Rashid Khan
Khalida Rashid Khan is a Pakistani judge who became the first female judge in the Superior Judiciary of Pakistan. She also served as the president of the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda. Early life She was born on 25 September 1949 in Peshawar, Pakistan. Judge Khan obtained an LL.B. degree from Khyber Law College, Peshawar in 1969 and a Masters in Political Science degree from Peshawar University in 1971. Career She was inducted into the provincial Judiciary in 1974 of North West Frontier Province as a Civil Judge. She then became a Senior Civil Judge, District and Sessions Judge and elevated as a judge of High Court Peshawar (Pakistan) in June 1994. She had also held many administrative positions, such as Registrar Peshawar High Court and Secretarial positions in the Justice and Law Department, NWFP. She is a member of the International Association of Women Judges, U.S. and attended many international conferences. She contributed a paper to the Asia/So ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Inés Mónica Weinberg De Roca
Justice Inés Mónica Weinberg de Roca (''née'' Inés Mónica Weinberg) is an Argentine Judge of the Supreme Court of Buenos Aires, city of Buenos Aires and a Judge of the United Nations Appeals Tribunal in New York City. She was born in Buenos Aires, Argentina on December 16, 1948. From 2003 to 2008 she was a Judge of the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda, serving the joint Appeal Chamber of the ICTR and the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia in The Hague from 2003 to 2005, and on the trial chamber in Arusha, Tanzania from 2005 to 2008. Before becoming an international Judge, Justice Weinberg de Roca was a lawyer. She then became a Civil law (common law), Civil Judge, and later an Appeals Judge at Buenos Aires' Administrative Court. Justice Weinberg de Roca is also a Private international law Professor at the University of Buenos Aires (UBA) and at the Universidad Argentina de la Empresa (UADE). Personal life and education Justice Inés Mónica ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Gisenyi
Gisenyi, historically rendered as Kisenyi, is the second largest city in Rwanda, located in the Rubavu district in Rwanda's Western Province. Gisenyi is contiguous with Goma as it was formerly also part of now Democratic Republic of the Congo, the city across the border in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Overview The city features a resort on the shores of Lake Kivu, with several hotels and three sandy beaches. The area is also known for water sports. The northern shore of the lake on which Goma and Gisenyi lie is a flat plain featuring lava formations from the eruptions of nearby Mount Nyiragongo. In contrast to Goma, Gisenyi escaped the lava flows of both the 1977 and the 2002 eruptions, which destroyed between 15 and 40% of the former. The centre of Gisenyi lies by foothills at the northeast corner of the lake, and low-density expansion is taking place in the hills, which are expected to be safe from future eruptions. Gisenyi is also home to Bralirwa, which manufac ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Kigali
Kigali () is the Capital (political), capital and largest city of Rwanda. It is near the nation's geographic centre in a region of rolling hills, with a series of valleys and ridges joined by steep slopes. As a primate city, Kigali is a relatively new city. It has been Rwanda's economic, cultural, and transport hub since it was founded as an administrative outpost in 1907, and became the capital of the country at independence in 1962, shifting focus away from Butare, Huye. In an area controlled by the Kingdom of Rwanda from the 15th century, and then by German East Africa, the German Empire in the beginning of the 20th century, the city was founded in 1907 when Richard Kandt, List of colonial residents of Rwanda, the colonial resident, chose the site for his headquarters, citing its central location, views and security. Foreign merchants began to trade in the city during the German era, and Kandt opened some government-run schools for Tutsi Rwandan students. Belgium East African ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Crimes Against Humanity
Crimes against humanity are certain serious crimes committed as part of a large-scale attack against civilians. Unlike war crimes, crimes against humanity can be committed during both peace and war and against a state's own nationals as well as foreign nationals.Margaret M. DeGuzma"Crimes Against Humanity"''Research Handbook on International Criminal Law'', Bartram S. Brown, ed., Edgar Elgar Publishing, 2011. Together with war crimes, genocide, and the crime of aggression, crimes against humanity are one of the core crimes of international criminal law and, like other crimes against international law, have no temporal or jurisdictional limitations on prosecution (where universal jurisdiction is recognized). The first prosecution for crimes against humanity took place during the Nuremberg trials against defeated leaders of Nazi Germany. Crimes against humanity have been prosecuted by other international courts (such as the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugosl ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
