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Pre-salt Layer
The pre-salt layer is a diachronous series of geological formations on the continental shelves of extensional basins formed after the break-up of Gondwana, characterized by the deposition of thick layers of evaporites, mostly salt. Some of the petroleum that was generated from sediments in the pre-salt layer has not migrated upward to the post-salt layers above due to salt domes. This is especially common off the coast of Africa and Brazil. Total pre-salt oil reserves are thought to be a significant fraction of the world's oil reserves. According to Brazilian oil and gas company Petrobras, the oil and natural gas reserves lie below an approximately thick layer of salt, which in turn is beneath more than of post-salt sediments in places, which in turn is under water depths between in the South Atlantic. Because of this, drilling through the rock and salt to extract the pre-salt oil and gas is very expensive. Brazil The oil reserves found in the pre-salt layer of the Br ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pangea Animation 03
Pangaea or Pangea ( ) was a supercontinent that existed during the late Paleozoic and early Mesozoic eras. It assembled from the earlier continental units of Gondwana, Euramerica and Siberia during the Carboniferous period approximately 335 million years ago, and began to break apart about 200 million years ago, at the end of the Triassic and beginning of the Jurassic. Pangaea was C-shaped, with the bulk of its mass stretching between Earth's northern and southern polar regions and surrounded by the superocean Panthalassa and the Paleo-Tethys and subsequent Tethys Oceans. Pangaea is the most recent supercontinent to have existed and was the first to be reconstructed by geologists. Origin of the concept The name "Pangaea" is derived from Ancient Greek ''pan'' (, "all, entire, whole") and ''Gaia'' or Gaea (, " Mother Earth, land"). The first to suggest that the continents were once joined and later separated may have been Abraham Ortelius in 1596. The concept that the conti ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Brazilian Coast
The country of Brazil occupies roughly half of South America, bordering the Atlantic Ocean. Brazil covers a total area of which includes of land and of water. The highest point in Brazil is Pico da Neblina at . Brazil is bordered by the countries of Argentina, Bolivia, Colombia, Guyana, Paraguay, Peru, Suriname, Uruguay, Venezuela, and French Guiana. Much of the climate is tropical, with the south being relatively temperate. The largest river in Brazil, and the second longest in the world, is the Amazon. Size and geographical location Brazil occupies most of the eastern part of the South American continent and its geographic heartland and various islands in the Atlantic Ocean. The only countries in the world that are larger are Russia, Canada, China and the United States. The national territory extends from north to south (5°16'10" N to 33°45'03" S latitude), and from east to west (34°47'35" W to 73°58'59" W longitude). It spans four time zones, the westernmost of whic ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
ExxonMobil
Exxon Mobil Corporation ( ) is an American multinational List of oil exploration and production companies, oil and gas corporation headquartered in Spring, Texas, a suburb of Houston. Founded as the Successors of Standard Oil, largest direct successor of John D. Rockefeller's Standard Oil, the modern company was formed in 1999 following the merger of Exxon and Mobil. It is Vertical integration, vertically integrated across the entire oil and gas industry, as well as within its chemicals division, which produces plastic, synthetic rubber, and other chemical products. As the largest U.S.-based oil and gas company, ExxonMobil is the List of largest companies in the United States by revenue, seventh-largest company by revenue in the U.S. and List of largest companies by revenue, 13th-largest in the world. It is the largest investor-owned oil company in the world. Approximately 55.56% of the company's shares are held by institutions, the largest of which as of 2019 were The Vanguard ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mobil
Mobil Oil Corporation, now known as just Mobil, is a petroleum brand owned and operated by American oil and gas corporation ExxonMobil, formerly known as Exxon, which took its current name after history of ExxonMobil#merger, it and Mobil merged in 1999. A direct descendant of Standard Oil, Mobil was originally known as the Standard Oil Company of New York (shortened to Socony) after Standard Oil was Standard Oil Co. of New Jersey v. United States, split into 43 different entities in a 1911 Supreme Court decision. Socony merged with Vacuum Oil Company, from which the Mobil name first originated, in 1931 and subsequently renamed itself to "Socony-Vacuum Oil Company". Over time, Mobil became the company's primary identity, which prompted a renaming in 1955 to the "Socony Mobil Oil Company", and then in 1966 to the "Mobil Oil Corporation". Mobil credits itself with being the first company to introduce Pay at the pump, paying at the pump at its gas stations, the first company to pro ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cities Services Oil Company
Citgo Petroleum Corporation, or Citgo (stylized as CITGO), is a United States–based refiner, transporter and marketer of transportation fuels, lubricants, petrochemicals and other industrial products. Headquartered in the Energy Corridor area of Houston, it is majority-owned by PDVSA, a state-owned company of the Venezuelan government (although due to U.S. sanctions in 2019, they no longer economically benefit from Citgo). History Cities Service period The company traces its heritage back to the early 1900s and oil entrepreneur Henry Latham Doherty. After quickly climbing the ladder of success in the manufactured gas and electric utility world, Doherty in 1910 created Cities Service Company to supply gas and electricity to small public utilities. He began by acquiring gas-producing properties in the mid-continent and southwest. The company then developed a pipeline system, tapping dozens of gas pools. To make this gas available to consumers, Doherty moved to acquire dis ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Angola
Angola, officially the Republic of Angola, is a country on the west-Central Africa, central coast of Southern Africa. It is the second-largest Portuguese-speaking world, Portuguese-speaking (Lusophone) country in both total area and List of countries and dependencies by population, population and is the List of African countries by area, seventh-largest country in Africa. It is bordered by Namibia to the south, the Democratic Republic of the Congo to the north, Zambia to the east, and the Atlantic Ocean to the west. Angola has an Enclave and exclave, exclave province, the province of Cabinda Province, Cabinda, that borders the Republic of the Congo and the Democratic Republic of the Congo. The capital and most populous city is Luanda. Angola has been inhabited since the Paleolithic, Paleolithic Age. After the Bantu expansion reached the region, states were formed by the 13th century and organised into confederations. The Kingdom of Kongo ascended to achieve hegemony among the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Iara Oil Field
Iara oil field is a large ultra-deepwater pre-salt oil field located in the Santos Basin, off the coast of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, north of Tupi oil field. It covers an area of nearly . Etymology The field was named in honor of the Iara figure from Brazilian mythology. History The field was discovered on 7 August 2008 with an encounter of light oil which measured between 26 and 30° API. The well depth measured at . The field is believed to hold approximately 3-4 billion barrels of light oil and natural gas. This amount equals to the country internal demand of 5 years. BG Group announced that the discovery was three times larger than initially expected. Due to their formations, fields in Santos Basin are very difficult and costly to exploit. Ownership BM-S-11 block, which contains Iara oil field, is operated by Petrobras with controlling 65% of the stake while BG Group holds a 25% and Galp Energia holds 10% of the share. As per Bear Stearns estimates, the value of oil in ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Tupi Oil Field
The Tupi oil field (reverted from Lula oil field) is a large oil field located in the Santos Basin, off the coast of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. The field was originally nicknamed in honor of the Tupi people and later named after the mollusc, however it was also ambiguously similar to the name of former Brazilian president Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva. It is considered to be the Western Hemisphere's largest oil discovery of the last 30 years. History left, Brazilian President Lula da Silva on the launch of the P-52 oil Platform The Tupi field was discovered in October 2006 by Petrobras. The former president of Brazil, Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva called the field ''second independence for Brazil''. The field was originally named Tupi but in 2010 it was renamed Lula. The name 'Lula' means squid in Portuguese but also refers to Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva. The upper estimate of of recoverable oil would be enough to meet the total global demand for crude oil for about three months ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Rio De Janeiro (state)
Rio de Janeiro () is one of the States of Brazil, 27 federative units of Brazil. It has the second largest economy of Brazil, with the largest being that of the state of São Paulo (state), São Paulo. The state, which has 8.2% of the Brazilian population, is responsible for 9.2% of the Brazilian Gross domestic product, GDP. The state of Rio de Janeiro is located within the Brazilian geopolitical region classified as the Southeast Region, Brazil, Southeast (assigned by Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics, IBGE). Rio de Janeiro shares borders with all the other states in the same Southeast macroregion: Minas Gerais (North, N and Ordinal directions, NW), Espírito Santo (Ordinal direction, NE) and São Paulo (state), São Paulo (Ordinal directions, SW). It is bounded on the east and south by the South Atlantic Ocean. Rio de Janeiro has an area of . Its capital is the city of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, which was the capital of the Portuguese Colonial ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Santos Basin
The Santos Basin () is an approximately large mostly offshore sedimentary basin. It is located in the south Atlantic Ocean, some southeast of Santos, São Paulo, Santos, Brazil. The basin is one of the Brazilian basins to have resulted from the break-up of Gondwana since the Early Cretaceous, where a sequence of rift basins formed on both sides of the South Atlantic; the Pelotas, Santos, Campos and Espírito Santo Basins in Brazil, and the Namibia, Kwanza and Congo Basins in southwestern Africa. Santos Basin is separated from the Campos Basin to the north by the Cabo Frio High and the Pelotas Basin in the south by the Florianópolis High and the northwestern boundary onshore is formed by the Serra Do Mar coastal range. The basin is known for its thick layers of halite, salt that have formed structures in the subsurface due to halokinesis. The basin started forming in the Early Cretaceous on top of the Congo craton, Congo Craton as a rift basin. The rift stage of the basin evolu ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Subsoil
Subsoil is the layer of soil under the topsoil on the surface of the ground. Like topsoil, it is composed of a variable mixture of small particles such as sand, silt and clay, but with a much lower percentage of organic matter and humus. The subsoil is labeled the soil horizon, B Horizon in most soil mapping systems. Because it has less organic matter than topsoil, subsoil soil color, soil colour is mainly derived from iron oxides. Iron oxides and clay minerals form due to soil formation, weathering. Rainfall moves these weathering products downward as solutes and colloids by rainfall. The subsoil is the depth where these weathering products accumulate. The accumulation of clay minerals, iron, aluminum, and organic compounds is called illuviation. Whereas the topsoil tends to be the depth of greatest physical, chemical, and biological activity, the subsoil is the depth of most deposition. Due to physical, chemical, and biological activity, the subsoil generally has a soil struct ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Santa Catarina (state)
Santa Catarina () is one of the 27 federative units of Brazil. It is located in the centre of the country's South Region, Brazil, Southern region. It is bordered to the north by the state of Paraná (state), Paraná, to the south by the state of Rio Grande do Sul, to the east by the Atlantic Ocean, and to the west by the Provinces of Argentina, Argentine province of Misiones Province, Misiones. The state covers an area of approximately , comparable to Hungary, and ranking as the List of Brazilian states by area, seventh smallest Brazilian state by area. With a population of 7.6 million inhabitants in 2022, it is the List of Brazilian states by population, tenth most populous state in Brazil. It is divided into 295 municipalities and its capital is Florianópolis, the second most populous city in the state after Joinville. Alongside Espírito Santo, Santa Catarina is one of the two states whose capital is not the largest city. Jorginho Mello, a member of the Conservative liberali ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
