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Post-Herulian Wall
The city of Athens, capital of modern Greece, has had different sets of city walls from the Bronze Age to the early 19th century. The city walls of Athens include: * the Mycenaean Cyclopean fortifications of the Acropolis of Athens * the Pelasgic wall at the foot of the Acropolis * the so-called "Archaic Wall", whose existence and course are debated by scholars * the Themistoclean Wall, built in 479 BC, the main city wall during Antiquity, restored and rebuilt several times (under Conon, Demosthenes, Demetrios Poliorketes, etc.) * the Long Walls, built in the 460s and 440s BC, connecting Athens with its ports at Piraeus and Phaleron * the ''Protocheisma'', a second wall built in front of the Themistoclean Wall in 338 BC as an extra defence against the Macedonians * the ''Diateichisma'', built in the 280s BC as a second line of defence against Macedonian-held Piraeus * the Valerian Wall, built in , partly along the lines of older walls, partly as a new fortification, to protect t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Long Walls
Although long walls were built at several locations in ancient Greece, notably Corinth and Megara, the term ''Long Walls'' ( ) generally refers to the walls that connected classical Athens, Athens' main city to its ports at Piraeus and Phalerum, Phaleron. Built in several phases, they provided a secure connection to the sea even during times of siege. The walls were about in length. They were initially constructed in the mid-5th century BC, and destroyed by the Spartans in 403 BC after Athens' defeat in the Peloponnesian War. They were rebuilt with Persian support during the Corinthian War in 395–391 BC. The Long Walls were a key element of Athenian military strategy, since they provided the city with a constant link to the sea and thwarted sieges conducted by land alone. History Background The ancient wall around the Acropolis of Athens, Acropolis was destroyed by the Achaemenid Dynasty, Persians during the occupations of Attica in 480 and 479 BC, part of the Gr ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sacred Gate
The Sacred Gate (, ''Hiera Pyle'') was a gate in the city wall of Classical Athens, in the modern neighbourhood of Kerameikos. Its name derives from the Sacred Way that led from it to Eleusis, the site of the Eleusinian Mysteries The Eleusinian Mysteries () were initiations held every year for the Cult (religious practice), cult of Demeter and Persephone based at the Panhellenic Sanctuary of Eleusis in ancient Greece. They are considered the "most famous of the secret rel .... The site is uniquely well preserved for Athens, and shows clear evidence of the successive building phases from the 5th century BC to the 1st century AD. The Eridanos river passed through the gate in a channel. References Sources * {{cite book , last = Knigge , first = Ursula , title = Der Kerameikos von Athen. Führung durch Ausgrabungen und Geschichte , trans-title = The Kerameikos of Athens. Tour through Excavations and History , language = German , year = 1988 , publisher = Krene Verlag Ex ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Dipylon
The Dipylon (, "Two-Gated") was the main gate in the Themistoclean Walls, city wall of Classical Athens. Located in the modern suburb of Kerameikos, it led to the namesake ancient cemetery, and to the roads connecting Athens with the rest of Greece. The gate was of major ceremonial significance as the starting point of the procession of the Great Panathenaea, and accordingly it was a large, monumental structure, "the largest gate of the ancient world". Erected in 478 BC as part of Themistocles' fortification of Athens and rebuilt in the 300s BC, it remained standing and in use until the 3rd century AD. History The Dipylon gate was built, along with the neighbouring Sacred Gate, in 478 BC as part of Themistocles' Themistoclean Walls, fortification of Athens following the Persian Wars. The new circuit was much wider than the old one that was destroyed by the Persians, and many of the graves and monuments of the already existing Kerameikos cemetery were used in its construction, a fa ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hadji Ali Haseki
Hadji Ali Haseki (, ) was an 18th-century Ottoman Turks, Ottoman Turk and for twenty years (1775–1795) on-and-off ruler of Athens, where he is remembered for his cruel and tyrannical rule. Biography The career of Hadji Ali Haseki is known chiefly from two sources, written by contemporaries: the journals of the Athens, Athenian scholar Ioannis Benizelos, and the memoirs of Panagiotis Skouzes. They are complemented by the reports of Western European travellers, and subsequent Greek historians. According to Skouzes, Hadji Ali was born in central Anatolia, and had entered the palace service () as a youth. He eventually became a personal bodyguard () to Sultan Abdul Hamid I (), as well as of his sister Esma Sultan (daughter of Ahmed III), Esma Sultan. Skouzes reports rumours that Haseki and Esma were lovers, and that she greatly favoured him and promoted his interests as a result. According to Benizelos, prior to coming to Athens, he had served as voivode (civil governor) of Durrës. ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Wall Of Haseki
The so-called Wall of Haseki () was a city wall built around Athens by its Ottoman governor, Hadji Ali Haseki, in 1778. Initially intended to protect the city from attacks by Ottoman Muslim Albanian warbands, it became an instrument of Haseki's tyrannical rule over the city. History The 1770s were a period of lawlessness and disorder in southern Greece, particularly due to the presence of roving Ottoman-Albanian warbands, that had been brought in by the Porte to suppress the Orlov Revolt in the Morea in 1770. In 1778, such a warband arrived in Attica, and sent emissaries to Athens, threatening to burn the city unless they received provisions and an official document hiring them as guards of the city. The Ottoman governor, Hadji Ali Haseki, and the Athenian populace, both Christians and Muslims, resolved to meet the Albanians in the field, as the city was unfortified except for the Acropolis. In a battle that took place near Halandri, the Athenians defeated the Albanians. To ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Heruli
The Heruli (also Eluri, Eruli, Herules, Herulians) were one of the smaller Germanic peoples of Late Antiquity, known from records in the third to sixth centuries AD. The best recorded group of Heruli established a kingdom north of the Middle Danube, probably including the area north of present day Vienna. This kingdom was a neighbour to several other small and short-lived kingdoms in the late 5th century AD and early 6th century, including those of the Sciri, Rugii, Danubian Suebi, and Gepids. After the conquest of this Heruli kingdom by the Lombards in 508, splinter groups moved to Sweden, Ostrogothic Italy, and present-day Serbia, which was under Eastern Roman control. The Danubian Heruli are generally equated to the "Elouri" who lived near the Sea of Azov during the late 3rd or early 4th century, and are believed to have migrated westwards. In 267-270 these Elouri took part together with Goths and other eastern European peoples in two massive raids into Roman provinces in ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sack Of Athens (267 AD)
The sack of Athens in 267 AD was carried out by the Heruli, a Germanic tribe that had invaded the Balkans at the time. Despite the recent fortification of Athens with a new city wall, the Heruli succeeded in capturing the city and laid much of it to waste, before they were driven out by the Athenians under the leadership of the historian Dexippus. The event left lasting damage to the city's monuments and stoa A stoa (; plural, stoas,"stoa", ''Oxford English Dictionary'', 2nd Ed., 1989 stoai, or stoae ), in ancient Greek architecture, is a covered walkway or portico, commonly for public use. Early stoas were open at the entrance with columns, usually ...s, and Athens lost its ancient glory and eminence, shrinking to the area around the Roman Agora, which was enclosed with a new wall. References Sources * * 260s conflicts 260s in the Roman Empire 267 3rd century in Greece Athens 267 Heruli Looting in Greece Roman Athens Athens 267 {{Athens-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Diateichisma
The ''Diateichisma'' ({{langx, el, διατείχισμα, , cross wall) was an addition to the city walls of Athens constructed in the 280s BC. The ''Diateichisma'' was built after the Battle of Chaeronea (338 BC). It was 900m long and built across the crests of the three hills: that of the Muses, of the Nymphs, and the Pnyx. It joined the Themistoclean Wall at north and south and had square and circular towers and two gates. However it cut through inhabited suburbs of ancient Athens, leaving the demes of Melete and Koile outside the wall and vulnerable. The south gate in the valley between the hill of the Muses and the Pnyx was for the most important commercial Koile road of Athens which led to the port of Piraeus. Remains of the gate can still be seen. The north Melitides gate was in the valley between the other two hills. In 294 BC, a small fort was built on the top of the Muses' hill for the Macedonian guard of Demetrius Poliorcetes Demetrius I Poliorcetes (; , , ; ) ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Phaleron
Phalerum or Phaleron ( ' ; ''()'', ) was a port of Ancient Athens, 5 km southwest of the Acropolis of Athens, on a bay of the Saronic Gulf. The bay is also referred to as "Bay of Phalerum" ( '').'' The area of Phalerum is now occupied by the towns Palaio Faliro, Kallithea, Moschato and Neo Faliro, all of which are part of the Athens agglomeration. Phalerum was the major port of Athens before Themistocles had the three rocky natural harbours by the promontory of Piraeus developed as alternative, from 491 BC. It was said that Menestheus set sail with his fleet to Troy from Phalerum, as did Theseus when he sailed to Crete after the death of Androgeus. Recently, archaeologists have uncovered what appear to be traces of ancient Athens’s first port before the city’s naval and shipping centre was moved to Piraeus. The site, some 350 m from the modern coastline, contained pottery, tracks from the carts that would have served the port, and makeshift fireplaces where travelers ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Piraeus
Piraeus ( ; ; , Ancient: , Katharevousa: ) is a port city within the Athens urban area ("Greater Athens"), in the Attica region of Greece. It is located southwest of Athens city centre along the east coast of the Saronic Gulf in the Athens Riviera. The municipality of Piraeus and four other suburban municipalities form the regional unit of Piraeus, sometimes called the Greater Piraeus area, with a total population of 448,051. At the 2021 census, Piraeus had a population of 168,151 people, making it the fourth largest municipality in Greece and the second largest (after the municipality of Athens) within the Athens urban area. Piraeus has a long recorded history, dating back to ancient Greece. The city was founded in the early 5th century BC, when plans to make it the new port of Athens were implemented: A prototype harbour was constructed, which resulted in concentrating in one location all the import and transit trade of Athens, along with the navy's base. During the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
