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Positive Money
Positive Money UK is a Not-for-Profit, not-for-profit advocacy group based in London and Brussels. Positive Money's mission is to promote various reforms of central banks and alternative monetary policy. Its current executive director is geophysicist Fran Boait. History Positive Money was founded in London by Ben Dyson in 2010 "Monnaie pleine : une opportunité en Suisse pour changer la monnaie" [The "Full money" federal popular initiative: an opportunity to change currency in Switzerland], ''La revue durable'', number 60, winter-spring 2017-2018, pages 26-29. as a response to the 2008 financial crisis. In its early years, Positive Money focused its efforts in advocating for a fundamental reform of the United Kingdom's monetary system. In 2013, Fran Boait became executive director of Positive money. Under Boait's leadership, the organisation somehow broadened its scope and diversified its range of proposals, by including more pragmatic steps such as digital currency, and v ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Non-governmental Organization
A non-governmental organization (NGO) is an independent, typically nonprofit organization that operates outside government control, though it may get a significant percentage of its funding from government or corporate sources. NGOs often focus on humanitarian or social issues but can also include clubs and associations offering services to members. Some NGOs, like the World Economic Forum, may also act as lobby groups for corporations. Unlike international organizations (IOs), which directly interact with sovereign states and governments, NGOs are independent from them. The term as it is used today was first introduced in Article 71 of the UN Charter, Article 71 of the newly formed United Nations Charter in 1945. While there is no fixed or formal definition for what NGOs are, they are generally defined as nonprofit entities that are independent of governmental influence—although they may receive government funding. According to the United Nations Department of Global Communic ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Central Bank Digital Currency
A central bank digital currency (CBDC; also called digital fiat currency or digital base money) is a digital currency issued by a central bank, rather than by a commercial bank. It is also a liability of the central bank, unless it is dividend-yielding, then it is an ownership stake in the central bank, and is a new form of legal tender, unlike cash like retail CBDC which is the digitization of sovereign currency, which applies to physical banknotes, coin, and existing wholesale CBDC reserves that are used in the reverse repo and repo market. The two primary categories of CBDCs are retail and wholesale. Retail CBDCs are designed for households and businesses to make payments for everyday transactions, whereas wholesale CBDCs are designed for financial institutions and operate similarly to central bank reserves. Retail CBDCs can be distributed through various models. In the intermediated model, the central bank issues the CBDC and manages core infrastructures, while financial ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Digital Euro
The digital euro is the project of the European Central Bank (ECB), decided in July 2021, for the possible introduction of a central bank digital currency (CBDC). The aim is to develop a fast and secure electronic payment instrument that would complement the euro for individuals and businesses in its existing form as cash and in bank accounts, and would be issued by the European System of Central Banks of the Eurozone. After concluding a two-year investigation into the design and distribution models for a digital euro, the ECB decided on 18 October 2023 to enter the preparation phase, which involves tasks such as finalizing the rulebook and selecting providers to develop the required platform and infrastructure, setting the stage for the potential issuance of a digital euro. Arguments and motivations for introducing a digital euro Arguments and motives for the introduction of a digital euro are, according to the ECB: * Preserving central bank money's role as a monetary anchor ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Central Bank Digital Currency
A central bank digital currency (CBDC; also called digital fiat currency or digital base money) is a digital currency issued by a central bank, rather than by a commercial bank. It is also a liability of the central bank, unless it is dividend-yielding, then it is an ownership stake in the central bank, and is a new form of legal tender, unlike cash like retail CBDC which is the digitization of sovereign currency, which applies to physical banknotes, coin, and existing wholesale CBDC reserves that are used in the reverse repo and repo market. The two primary categories of CBDCs are retail and wholesale. Retail CBDCs are designed for households and businesses to make payments for everyday transactions, whereas wholesale CBDCs are designed for financial institutions and operate similarly to central bank reserves. Retail CBDCs can be distributed through various models. In the intermediated model, the central bank issues the CBDC and manages core infrastructures, while financial ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Credit Guidance
Credit (from Latin verb ''credit'', meaning "one believes") is the trust which allows one party to provide money or resources to another party wherein the second party does not reimburse the first party immediately (thereby generating a debt), but promises either to repay or return those resources (or other materials of equal value) at a later date. The resources provided by the first party can be either property, fulfillment of promises, or performances. In other words, credit is a method of making reciprocity formal, legally enforceable, and extensible to a large group of unrelated people. The resources provided may be financial (e.g. granting a loan), or they may consist of goods or services (e.g. consumer credit). Credit encompasses any form of deferred payment. Credit is extended by a creditor, also known as a lender, to a debtor, also known as a borrower. Etymology The term "credit" was first used in English in the 1520s. The term came "from Middle French crédit (15c.) ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Collateral Framework
Collateral may refer to: Business and finance * Collateral (finance), a borrower's pledge of specific property to a lender, to secure repayment of a loan * Marketing collateral, in marketing and sales Arts, entertainment, and media * ''Collateral'' (album), an album by NERVO (2015) * ''Collateral'' (film), a thriller film starring Tom Cruise and Jamie Foxx (2004) * ''Colateral'' (documentary), a documentary film directed by Venezuelan journalist Lucrecia Cisneros (2020) * "Collateral" (''Justified''), an episode of the TV series ''Justified'' * ''Collateral'' (TV series), a four-part BBC television series (2018) Anatomy * Collateral ligament * a branch in an anatomical structure, e.g. the superior ulnar collateral artery or the prevertebral ganglia, also known as collateral ganglia * Collateral circulation, the alternate circulation around a blocked artery or vein via another path, such as nearby minor vessels See also * Collateral adjective * Collateral contract * Coll ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Jason Hickel
Jason Edward Hickel (born 1982) is an anthropologist and professor at the Autonomous University of Barcelona. Hickel's research and writing focuses on economic anthropology and development, and is particularly opposed to capitalism, neocolonialism, as well as economic growth as a measure of human development. Hickel is a Fellow of the Royal Society of Arts, a visiting senior fellow at the International Inequalities Institute at the London School of Economics, and was the Chair of Global Justice and the Environment at the University of Oslo. He is associate editor of the journal '' World Development'', and serves on the Climate and Macroeconomics Roundtable of the US National Academy of Sciences. He is known for his books ''The Divide: A Brief Guide to Global Inequality and its Solutions ''(2017) and ''Less Is More: How Degrowth Will Save the World ''(2020). A critic of capitalism, he argues that degrowth is the solution to human impact on the environment. He advocates for dem ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Vítor Constâncio
Vítor Manuel Ribeiro Constâncio (born 12 October 1943) is a Portuguese economist and academic who most recently served as Vice President of the European Central Bank, from 2010 to 2018. He previously served as Minister of Finance in 1978 and Governor of the Bank of Portugal from 1985 to 1986 and from 2000 to 2010. Since June 2018 he has been a professor at the School of Economics & Business Administration of the University of Navarra. Education Constâncio graduated in economics from the Technical University of Lisbon (now called the University of Lisbon) in 1965 and obtained a master's degree at the University of Bristol in 1973-1974. Career Academic career and national public office Constâncio was Assistant Professor in Economics at the Technical University of Lisbon from 1965 to 1973. From 1974 to 1975, he was Secretary of State for Planning in the I and II Provisional Government of Portugal, and Secretary of State for Budget and Planning in 1976 in the IV Provisio ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Narrow Banking
Narrow banking is a proposed type of bank called a narrow bank also called a safe bank. Narrow banking would restrict banks to holding liquid and safe government bonds as opposed to other equities (like loans) against depositor's money as opposed to other assets (such as gold Gold is a chemical element; it has chemical symbol Au (from Latin ) and atomic number 79. In its pure form, it is a brightness, bright, slightly orange-yellow, dense, soft, malleable, and ductile metal. Chemically, gold is a transition metal ... as in the case of the Texas Bullion Depository or cryptocurrency as in the case of proposed banks like Custodi. Making private loans or holding other depositors would be made by the other financial intermediaries along with only holding depositor money is what separates such banks from full-reserve banks. In other words, the function and operation of such banks is very ''narrow''. That is, the deposit taking and payment activities would be separated from fi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Full-reserve Banking
Full-reserve banking (also known as 100% reserve banking, or sovereign money system) is a system of banking where banks do not lend Demand deposit, demand deposits and instead only lend from time deposits. It differs from fractional-reserve banking, in which banks may lend funds on deposit, while fully reserved banks would be required to keep the full amount of each customer's Deposit account, demand deposits in cash, available for immediate withdrawal. Monetary reform, Monetary reforms that included full-reserve banking have been proposed in the past, notably in 1935 by a group of economists, including Irving Fisher, under the so-called "Chicago plan" as a response to the Great Depression. Currently, no country in the world requires full-reserve banking across primary credit institutions, although Iceland's legislature considered it in 2015 after the 2008–2011 Icelandic financial crisis. In a 2018 Popular initiative in Switzerland, Swiss ballot initiative, 75% of voters voted ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Brussels
Brussels, officially the Brussels-Capital Region, (All text and all but one graphic show the English name as Brussels-Capital Region.) is a Communities, regions and language areas of Belgium#Regions, region of Belgium comprising #Municipalities, 19 municipalities, including the City of Brussels, which is the capital of Belgium. The Brussels-Capital Region is located in the central portion of the country. It is a part of both the French Community of Belgium and the Flemish Community, and is separate from the Flemish Region (Flanders), within which it forms an enclave, and the Walloon Region (Wallonia), located less than to the south. Brussels grew from a small rural settlement on the river Senne (river), Senne to become an important city-region in Europe. Since the end of the Second World War, it has been a major centre for international politics and home to numerous international organisations, politicians, Diplomacy, diplomats and civil servants. Brussels is the ''de facto' ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Modern Monetary Theory
Modern monetary theory or modern money theory (MMT) is a heterodox macroeconomic theory that describes currency as a public monopoly and unemployment as evidence that a currency monopolist is overly restricting the supply of the financial assets needed to pay taxes and satisfy savings desires. According to MMT, governments do not need to worry about accumulating debt since they can pay interest by printing money. MMT argues that the primary risk once the economy reaches full employment is inflation, which acts as the only constraint on spending. MMT also argues that inflation can be controlled by increasing taxes on everyone, to reduce the spending capacity of the private sector. MMT is opposed to the mainstream understanding of macroeconomic theory and has been criticized heavily by many mainstream economists. MMT is also strongly opposed by members of the Austrian school of economics. Principles MMT's main tenets are that a government that issues its own fiat money: # Ca ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
