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Portuguese Irregular Forces In The Overseas War
In various theaters of operations in the Portuguese Colonial War arose at the outset the need to create various types of irregular forces to help the Military of Portugal, Portuguese Armed Forces. These irregular forces were usually held at the local level of Theater of Operations and included various types in terms of origin and dependence: militias of white settlers, native militias and forces, foreign forces from exile, forces of ex-guerrillas, dependent forces the Civil Administration, forces dependent on the armed forces and forces dependent on the PIDE. Officially the totality of these forces was known by Auxiliary Forces. In Portuguese Guinea, António de Spínola, General Spínola introduced the term African Force to designate the irregular forces composed of natives of the province. In Theater of Operations, the main irregular forces were as follows: Portuguese Angola * ''OPVDC, Organização Provincial de Voluntários de Defesa Civil de Angola'' (Provincial Organization ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Portuguese Colonial War
The Portuguese Colonial War (), also known in Portugal as the Overseas War () or in the Portuguese Empire, former colonies as the War of Liberation (), and also known as the Angolan War of Independence, Angolan, Guinea-Bissau War of Independence, Guinea-Bissau and Mozambican War of Independence, was a 13-year-long conflict fought between Portuguese military history, Portugal's military and the emerging Nationalism, nationalist movements in Portugal's African colonies between 1961 and 1974. The Portuguese regime at the time, the , was overthrown by a military Carnation Revolution, coup in 1974, and the change in government brought the conflict to an end. The war was a decisive Ideology, ideological struggle in Lusophone Africa, surrounding nations, and mainland Portugal. The prevalent Portuguese and international historical approach considers the Portuguese Colonial War as was perceived at the time—a single conflict fought in the three separate Angolan War of Independence, Angol ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Camissombo
Camissombo is a town and commune of Angola, located in the Lucapa municipality in the province of Lunda Norte. Economy Diamond mining Since 2023, Camissombo has been producing diamonds out of the 508 square kilometer Sociedade Mineira Yetwene (SMY) mine in the Chicapa River basin. SMY is a partnership between ENDIAMA, Mountain Stability, the Sociedade Mineira de Investimentos da Lunda, and All Magic, Lda. In 2024, Vánia Ferreira, the person in charge of planning and operating SMY, announced a planned expansion of the mining operation that is expected to more than quadruple its ore treatment capacity and increase monthly diamond production from three thousand to thirteen thousand carats. According to Ferreira, the mine employs 224 people, and is expected to increase that number by 45% once the expansion is complete. Infrastructure and services Estrada Nacional nº 180, a dirt highway, runs north-south through Camissombo, connecting it in the north to EN-190 and ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Portuguese Paratroopers
The Portuguese Paratroopers () are an elite infantry assault force, representing the bulk of the airborne forces of Portugal. They were created in 1956 as part of the Portuguese Air Force, being transferred to the Portuguese Army in 1993. Presently, most of the Paratroopers are part of the Portuguese Rapid Reaction Brigade which comprises all 3 special forces troops. The Portuguese Paratroopers were usually nicknamed "Paras" or "Green Berets" (''Boinas Verdes''). Organization Until 2006, the Portuguese Paratroopers formed an autonomous command within the Army, the Airborne Troops Command (''Comandos de Tropas Aerotransportadas'') or CTA. All parachute units and most of the Paratroopers were under that command. The CTA was also responsible for the selection of the future Paratroopers and for their training. The main operational formation of the CTA was the Independent Airborne Brigade (''Brigada Aerotransportada Independente'') or BAI. The CTA was created in 1993, when the Para ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cahora Bassa Dam
The Cahora Bassa Dam is located in Mozambique. It is one of two major dams on the Zambezi river, the other being the Kariba. The project began to come online in 1979 after much political debate. This dam uses the Zambezi River water to generate electricity by turning turbines. That energy is then sent to South Africa. The Cahora Bassa Dam forms Cahora Bassa Lake. The dam is jointly owned by Mozambique and Portugal. From independence until 2007, eighteen percent share of the dam and lake was owned by Mozambique and eighty-two percent by Portugal. Portugal sold down its share to 15 percent in 2007. The Cahora Bassa Dam is the largest hydroelectric power plant in southern Africa and the most efficient power generating station in Mozambique. History The dam began to fill in December 1974 after construction was commenced in 1969 by the Portuguese colonial government of Mozambique (Portugal). It is high by wide at the crest. Before the Cahora Bassa dam underwent construction, the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Portuguese Marine Corps
The Portuguese Marine Corps () is the special operations capable amphibious force of the Portuguese Navy. It has roles similar to the ones of the USMC Reconnaissance Battalions and of the British Royal Marine Commandos. The Corps is specialised in air assault, amphibious warfare, anti-tank warfare, coastal reconnaissance and raiding, commando style raids, counterinsurgency, desert warfare, indirect fire support raiding, irregular warfare, ISTAR, jungle warfare, maneuver warfare, maritime interdiction, mountain warfare, providing security at naval base or shore stations, reconnaissance for gathering military intelligence, support special operations, tracking targets, urban warfare, and VBSS operations. It is an Elite Marine Commando Force, operating as a rapid-reaction force. Today's Corpo de Fuzileiros is the premier Commando style Raid Force. The ''Fuzileiros'' remains an all-volunteer force with an intensive screening and selection process followed by combat-focused training ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Portuguese Army Commandos
The Commandos () are a commando (special operations capable) unit in the Portuguese Army. Presently, their parent unit is the Commando Regiment (''Regimento de Comandos''). Their motto is '' Audaces Fortuna Juvat'' (Latin for "Fortune Favors the Bold") and their war cry is ''Mama Sumae'' (it can be translated as "here we are, ready for the sacrifice" – taken from a Bantu tribe of southern Angola). They were created in Angola during 1962, in the scope of the Portuguese Overseas War, as counter-guerrilla forces, combat patrol in dangerous and difficult to reach areas, irregular warfare, long-range penetration, and special reconnaissance, thus responding to the need of the Portuguese Army to have special units specially adapted to the type of war. Initially operating in the Angolan theatre, later units of Commandos also operated in the Portuguese Guinea and Mozambique theatres The Portuguese Commandos are analogous to the 75th Ranger Regiment and Army Special Forces of th ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
False Flag
A false flag operation is an act committed with the intent of disguising the actual source of responsibility and pinning blame on another party. The term "false flag" originated in the 16th century as an expression meaning an intentional misrepresentation of someone's allegiance. The term was originally used to describe a ruse de guerre, ruse in naval warfare whereby a vessel flew the flag of a neutral or enemy country to hide its true identity. The tactic was initially used by piracy, pirates and privateers to deceive other ships into allowing them to move closer before attacking them. It later was deemed an acceptable practice during naval warfare according to international maritime laws, provided the attacking vessel displayed its true flag before commencing an attack. The term today extends to include countries that organize attacks on themselves and make the attacks appear to be by enemy nations or terrorists, thus giving the nation that was supposedly attacked a casus bell ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bushmen
The San peoples (also Saan), or Bushmen, are the members of any of the indigenous hunter-gatherer cultures of southern Africa, and the Indigenous peoples of Africa, oldest surviving cultures of the region. They are thought to have diverged from other humans 100,000 to 200,000 years ago. Their recent ancestral territories span Botswana, Namibia, Angola, Zambia, Zimbabwe, Lesotho, and South Africa. The San speak, or their ancestors spoke, languages of the Khoe languages, Khoe, Tuu languages, Tuu, and Kxʼa languages, Kxʼa language families, and can be defined as a people only in contrast to neighboring pastoralists such as the Khoekhoe and descendants of more recent waves of immigration such as the Bantu peoples, Bantu, Europeans, and Indian subcontinent, South Asians. In 2017, Botswana was home to approximately 63,500 San, making it the country with the highest proportion of San people at 2.8%. 71,201 San people were enumerated in Namibia in 2023, making it the country with th ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Flechas
The Flechas ( Portuguese for ''Arrows'') were an elite paramilitary tactical unit of the Portuguese secret police (PIDE, latter renamed DGS) that operated in Angola and Mozambique during the Portuguese Colonial War. Unlike most of the other Portuguese special forces that were employed in the several theatres of operations of the conflict, the Flechas were not a ''de jure'' military unit but a PIDE/DGS (secret police) unit. Flechas were organized as platoon-sized units consisting of local tribesmen and rebel defectors. They sometimes patrolled in captured uniforms and were rewarded with cash bounties for every guerrilla or guerrilla weapon they captured. Flechas had a reputation for atrocities, brutality, torture, and summary executions. History Flechas units were created and employed in Angola, during the Portuguese Colonial War, under the command of the PIDE (renamed DGS in 1969). Despite being a paramilitary police force, they were thus a police unit, not being under militar ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Kenneth Kaunda
Kenneth Kaunda (28 April 1924 – 17 June 2021), also known as KK, was a Zambian politician who served as the first president of Zambia from 1964 to 1991. He was at the forefront of the struggle for independence from Northern Rhodesia, British rule. Dissatisfied with Harry Nkumbula's leadership of the Zambian African National Congress, Northern Rhodesian African National Congress, he broke away and founded the Zambian African National Congress (1958–1959), Zambian African National Congress, later becoming the head of the socialist United National Independence Party (UNIP). Kaunda was the first president of independent Zambia. In 1973, following tribal and inter-party violence, all political parties except UNIP were banned through an amendment of the constitution after the signing of the Choma Declaration. At the same time, Kaunda oversaw the acquisition of majority stakes in key foreign-owned companies. The 1973 oil crisis and a slump in export revenues put Zambia in a state o ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Zambia
Zambia, officially the Republic of Zambia, is a landlocked country at the crossroads of Central Africa, Central, Southern Africa, Southern and East Africa. It is typically referred to being in South-Central Africa or Southern Africa. It is bordered to the north by the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Tanzania to the north-east, Malawi to the east, Mozambique to the southeast, Zimbabwe and Botswana to the south, Namibia to the southwest, and Angola to the west. The capital city of Zambia is Lusaka, located in the south-central part of Zambia. The population is concentrated mainly around Lusaka in the south and the Copperbelt Province to the north, the core economic hubs of the country. Originally inhabited by Khoisan peoples, the region was affected by the Bantu expansion of the thirteenth century. Following European colonization of Africa, European colonisers in the 18th century, the British colonised the region into the British protectorates of Barotziland–North-Western Rho ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
