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Pleodorina Indica
''Pleodorina'' is a genus of colonial green algae in the family Volvocaceae. It occurs in freshwater habitats and has a cosmopolitan distribution. Description ''Pleodorina'' consists of motile colonies of 32 to 128 cells, which are arranged in the periphery of a gelatinous matrix, forming a hollow sphere. Cells are differentiated into those that are purely vegetative in character (somatic cells) and those capable of dividing to form daughter colonies (reproductive cells). Somatic cells are smaller than reproductive cells; somatic cells are located in the anterior part of the colony, while reproductive cells occupy the rest of the colony. In one species '' Pleodorina sphaerica'', somatic cells are also randomly distributed amongst reproductive cells. In some species, individual cells are surrounded by a gelatinous sheath. All cells are biflagellate (with two equal flagella), and have a cup-shaped chloroplast, an stigma, many contractile vacuoles, and one to many pyrenoids. The ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pyrenoid
Pyrenoids are sub-cellular phase-separated micro-compartments found in chloroplasts of many algae,Giordano, M., Beardall, J., & Raven, J. A. (2005). CO2 concentrating mechanisms in algae: mechanisms, environmental modulation, and evolution. ''Annu. Rev. Plant Biol.'', 56, 99-131. and in a single group of land plants, the hornworts.Villarreal, J. C., & Renner, S. S. (2012) Hornwort pyrenoids, carbon-concentrating structures, evolved and were lost at least five times during the last 100 million years. ''Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences'',109(46), 1873-1887. Pyrenoids are associated with the operation of a carbon-concentrating mechanism (CCM). Their main function is to act as centres of carbon dioxide (CO2) fixation, by generating and maintaining a CO2-rich environment around the photosynthesis, photosynthetic enzyme ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (RuBisCO). Pyrenoids therefore seem to have a role analogous to that of carboxysomes in cyanobacteria. ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Eudorina Cylindrica
''Eudorina'' is a genus of green algae in the family Volvocaceae, containing about seven species. It has a cosmopolitan distribution in freshwater habitats. Description ''Eudorina'' colonies typically consist of 16, 32 or 64 cells, each of which is similar to ''Chlamydomonas reinhardtii''. These cells are bedded within an extracellular matrix composed of glycoproteins. Colonies are spherical and motile, with motility derived from the flagellated individual cells. Cells are ovoid or spherical, each with two equal flagella. (In one species ''Eudorina compacta'', the cells essentially touch each other, and are strikingly angular due to mutual compression.) There is a single cup-shaped chloroplast with one (basal) or multiple pyrenoids) and a eyespot apparatus, stigma. Multiple contractile vacuoles are scattered throughout the cytoplasm. ''Eudorina'' is facultatively sexual, meaning colonies can reproduce either sexually or asexually. During development, each ''Chlamydomonas''-lik ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Eudorina Elegans
''Eudorina elegans'' is a species of green algae in the family Volvocaceae, and is the type species of the genus ''Eudorina''. It was first described in 1832 by Christian Gottfried Ehrenberg. ''Eudorina elegans'' is the most common species of volvocine algae, and also one the most commonly encountered species of green algae. It is cosmopolitan in freshwater. It is particularly common on clay or calcareous soils associated with nutrient enrichment. In the spring and fall months, it can form blooms of up to 3,000 cells per mL. Description ''Eudorina elegans'' consists of spherical, ellipsoidal or ovate colonies with 16, 32 or 64 cells. Cells are positioned near the periphery of the colony in several tiers, forming a more or less hollow spheroid; the colony is surrounded by a smooth gelatinous envelope (the posterior end may be flattened or mammillate). Cells are more or less equal in size, or the anterior ones may be somewhat smaller. Mature cells are spherical or ovoid in shape, an ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Eudorina Minodii
''Eudorina'' is a genus of green algae in the family Volvocaceae, containing about seven species. It has a cosmopolitan distribution in freshwater habitats. Description ''Eudorina'' colonies typically consist of 16, 32 or 64 cells, each of which is similar to ''Chlamydomonas reinhardtii''. These cells are bedded within an extracellular matrix composed of glycoproteins. Colonies are spherical and motile, with motility derived from the flagellated individual cells. Cells are ovoid or spherical, each with two equal flagella. (In one species ''Eudorina compacta'', the cells essentially touch each other, and are strikingly angular due to mutual compression.) There is a single cup-shaped chloroplast with one (basal) or multiple pyrenoids) and a stigma. Multiple contractile vacuoles are scattered throughout the cytoplasm. ''Eudorina'' is facultatively sexual, meaning colonies can reproduce either sexually or asexually. During development, each ''Chlamydomonas''-like cell undergoes s ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Polyphyletic
A polyphyletic group is an assemblage that includes organisms with mixed evolutionary origin but does not include their most recent common ancestor. The term is often applied to groups that share similar features known as Homoplasy, homoplasies, which are explained as a result of convergent evolution. The arrangement of the members of a polyphyletic group is called a polyphyly .. [Source for pronunciation.] It is contrasted with monophyly and paraphyly. For example, the biological characteristic of warm-bloodedness evolved separately in the ancestors of mammals and the ancestors of birds; "warm-blooded animals" is therefore a polyphyletic grouping. Other examples of polyphyletic groups are algae, C4 photosynthesis, C4 photosynthetic plants, and Xenarthra#Evolutionary relationships, edentates. Many taxonomists aim to avoid homoplasies in grouping taxa together, with a goal to identify and eliminate groups that are found to be polyphyletic. This is often the stimulus for major re ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Molecular Phylogenetic
Molecular phylogenetics () is the branch of phylogeny that analyzes genetic, hereditary molecular differences, predominantly in DNA sequences, to gain information on an organism's evolutionary relationships. From these analyses, it is possible to determine the processes by which diversity among species has been achieved. The result of a molecular phylogenetic analysis is expressed in a phylogenetic tree. Molecular phylogenetics is one aspect of molecular systematics, a broader term that also includes the use of molecular data in taxonomy and biogeography. Molecular phylogenetics and molecular evolution correlate. Molecular evolution is the process of selective changes (mutations) at a molecular level (genes, proteins, etc.) throughout various branches in the tree of life (evolution). Molecular phylogenetics makes inferences of the evolutionary relationships that arise due to molecular evolution and results in the construction of a phylogenetic tree. History The theoretical fra ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Methylene Blue
Methylthioninium chloride, commonly called methylene blue, is a salt used as a dye and as a medication. As a medication, it is mainly used to treat methemoglobinemia. It has previously been used for treating cyanide poisoning and urinary tract infections, but this use is no longer recommended. Methylene blue is typically given by injection into a vein. Common side effects include headache, nausea, and vomiting. Methylene blue was first prepared in 1876, by Heinrich Caro. It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines. Medical uses Methemoglobinemia Methylene blue is used to treat methemoglobinemia by chemically reducing the ferric iron in hemoglobin to ferrous iron. Methemoglobinemia can arise from ingestion of certain pharmaceuticals, toxins, or broad beans in those susceptible. Specifically, it is used to treat methemoglobin levels that are greater than 30% or in which there are symptoms despite oxygen therapy. Normally, through the NADH- or ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Eudorina Illinoisensis
''Eudorina'' is a genus of green algae in the family Volvocaceae, containing about seven species. It has a cosmopolitan distribution in freshwater habitats. Description ''Eudorina'' colonies typically consist of 16, 32 or 64 cells, each of which is similar to ''Chlamydomonas reinhardtii''. These cells are bedded within an extracellular matrix composed of glycoproteins. Colonies are spherical and motile, with motility derived from the flagellated individual cells. Cells are ovoid or spherical, each with two equal flagella. (In one species ''Eudorina compacta'', the cells essentially touch each other, and are strikingly angular due to mutual compression.) There is a single cup-shaped chloroplast with one (basal) or multiple pyrenoids) and a eyespot apparatus, stigma. Multiple contractile vacuoles are scattered throughout the cytoplasm. ''Eudorina'' is facultatively sexual, meaning colonies can reproduce either sexually or asexually. During development, each ''Chlamydomonas''-lik ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
