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Pittsburgh Compound B
Pittsburgh compound B (PiB) is a radioactive analog of thioflavin T, which can be used in positron emission tomography scans to image beta-amyloid plaques in neuronal tissue. Due to this property, Pittsburgh compound B may be used in investigational studies of Alzheimer's disease. History The definitive diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease can only be made following the demonstration of the presence of beta-amyloid (Aβ) plaques and neurofibrillary tangles, the pathologic hallmarks of Alzheimer's disease in brain tissue, typically at autopsy. While the cognitive impairments of the disease could be monitored throughout the disease course, clinicians had no reliable way to monitor the pathologic progression of the disease. Due to this fact, a clear understanding of the process of amyloid deposition and how amyloid deposits relate to the cognitive symptoms of Alzheimer's disease remains to be elucidated. While sophisticated centers for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease are ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Radioactive
Radioactive decay (also known as nuclear decay, radioactivity, radioactive disintegration, or nuclear disintegration) is the process by which an unstable atomic nucleus loses energy by radiation. A material containing unstable nuclei is considered ''radioactive''. Three of the most common types of decay are Alpha decay, alpha, Beta decay, beta, and Gamma ray, gamma decay. The weak force is the Fundamental interactions, mechanism that is responsible for beta decay, while the other two are governed by the electromagnetic force, electromagnetic and nuclear forces. Radioactive decay is a randomness, random process at the level of single atoms. According to quantum mechanics, quantum theory, it is impossible to predict when a particular atom will decay, regardless of how long the atom has existed. However, for a significant number of identical atoms, the overall decay rate can be expressed as a decay constant or as a half-life. The half-lives of radioactive atoms have a huge range: f ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Uppsala
Uppsala ( ; ; archaically spelled ''Upsala'') is the capital of Uppsala County and the List of urban areas in Sweden by population, fourth-largest city in Sweden, after Stockholm, Gothenburg, and Malmö. It had 177,074 inhabitants in 2019. Located north of the capital Stockholm, it is also the seat of Uppsala Municipality. Since 1164, Uppsala has been the ecclesiology, ecclesiastical centre of Sweden, being the seat of the Archbishop of Uppsala, Archbishop of the Church of Sweden. Uppsala is home to Scandinavia's largest cathedral – Uppsala Cathedral, which was the frequent site of the coronation of the Swedish monarch until the late 19th century. Uppsala Castle, built by King Gustav I of Sweden, Gustav Vasa, served as one of the royal residences of the Swedish monarchs, and was expanded several times over its history, making Uppsala the secondary capital of Sweden during its Swedish Empire, greatest extent. Today, it serves as the residence of the Governor of Uppsala County ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Benzothiazoles
Benzothiazole, or more specifically 1,3-benzothiazole, is an aromatic heterocyclic compound with the chemical formula . It is colorless, slightly viscous liquid. Although the parent compound, benzothiazole is not widely used, many of its derivatives are found in commercial products or in nature. Firefly luciferin can be considered a derivative of benzothiazole. It has a sulfurous odor and meaty flavor. The three structural isomer, structural isomers of benzothizaole are 1,3-benzothiazole, 1,2-benzothiazole and 2,1-benzothiazole. Structure and reactivity Benzothiazoles consist of a 5-membered 1,3-thiazole ring Annulation, fused to a benzene ring. The nine atoms of the bicycle and the attached substituents are coplanar. The heterocyclic core of the molecule is readily substituted at the Methine group, methyne (CH) centre in the thiazole ring. Thiazole is electron-withdrawing. Synthesis and biosynthesis Benzothiazoles are typically prepared by treatment of 2-Aminothiophenol, 2-merc ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
List Of PET Radiotracers
This is a list of positron emission tomography (PET) radiotracers. These are chemical compounds in which one or more atoms have been replaced by a short-lived, positron emitting radioisotope. Cardiology * water * ammonia * Rubidium-82 chloride * Acetate (Also used in oncology) Neurology * 11C">sup>11C 25B-NBOMe (Cimbi-36) * 18F">sup>18F Altanserin * 11C">sup>11CCarfentanil * 11C">sup>11CDASB * 11C">sup>11C DTBZ or 18F">sup>18Fluoropropyl-DTBZ * 11C">sup>11C 11C">sup>11CME@HAPTHI * 18F">sup>18FFallypride * 18F">sup>18F Florbetaben * 18F">sup>18F Flubatine * 18F">sup>18F Fluspidine * 18F">sup>18F Florbetapir * 18F">sup>18For 11C">sup>11CFlumazenil * 18F">sup>18F Flutemetamol * 18F">sup>18F Fluorodopa * 18F">sup>18F Desmethoxyfallypride * 18F">sup>18F Mefway * 18F">sup>18F MPPF * 18F">sup>18F Nifene * 11C">sup>11CPittsburgh compound B * 11C">sup>11CRaclopride * 18F">sup>18F Radiocaine * 18F">sup>18F Setoperone * 18F">sup>18For 11C">sup>11C N-Methylspiperone * 11C">sup>11CV ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Tafamidis
Tafamidis, sold under the brand names Vyndaqel and Vyndamax, is a medication used to delay disease progression in adults with certain forms of transthyretin amyloidosis. It can be used to treat both hereditary forms, familial amyloid cardiomyopathy and familial amyloid polyneuropathy, as well as wild-type transthyretin amyloidosis, which formerly was called senile systemic amyloidosis. It works by stabilizing the quaternary structure of the protein transthyretin. In people with transthyretin amyloidosis, transthyretin falls apart and forms clumps called (amyloid) that harm tissues including nerves and the heart. The US Food and Drug Administration considers tafamidis to be a first-in-class medication. Medical use Tafamidis is used to delay nerve damage in adults who have transthyretin amyloidosis with polyneuropathy, or heart disease in adults who have transthyretin amyloidosis with cardiomyopathy. It is taken by mouth. Women should not get pregnant while taking it and sho ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Flutemetamol
Flutemetamol (18F) (trade name Vizamyl, by GE Healthcare) is a PET scanning radiopharmaceutical containing the radionuclide fluorine-18, used as a diagnostic tool for Alzheimer's disease. Adverse effects Adverse effects of flutemetamol include headache, nausea, dizziness, flushing and increased blood pressure. Mechanism of action After the substance is given intravenously, it accumulates in beta amyloid plaques in the patient's brain, which thus become visible via positron emission tomography (PET). Manufacturing and distribution Flutemetamol (18F) can be produced within five to six hours. It then undergoes a quality check and is ready to be distributed immediately after. The product must be used within a certain time frame for maximum efficacy. Because of the limited time window, flutemetamol is not produced until an order has been placed. Flutemetamol is typically administered intravenously in 1 to 10 mL doses. Average costs for PET scans without insurance coverage ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Florbetaben
Florbetaben, sold under the brand name Neuraceq, is a diagnostic radiotracer developed for routine clinical application to visualize β-amyloid plaques in the brain. It is a fluorine-18 (18F)-labeled 4-methylamino- trans-stilbene derivative. Florbetaben was approved for medical use in the European Union, the United States, and South Korea in 2014 and in Canada in 2017. Medical uses Florbetaben is indicated for Positron Emission Tomography (PET) imaging of β-amyloid neuritic plaque density in the brains of adults with cognitive impairment who are being evaluated for Alzheimer's disease Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disease and the cause of 60–70% of cases of dementia. The most common early symptom is difficulty in remembering recent events. As the disease advances, symptoms can include problems wit ... (AD) and other causes of cognitive impairment. Alzheimer's disease and amyloid-beta PET imaging The deposition of β-amyloid is considered ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Florbetapir
Florbetapir (), sold under the brand name Amyvid, is a PET scanning radiopharmaceutical compound containing the radionuclide fluorine-18 that was approved for use in the United States in 2012, as a diagnostic tool for Alzheimer's disease. * Florbetapir, like Pittsburgh compound B (PiB), binds to beta-amyloid, however fluorine-18 has a half-life of 109.75 minutes, in contrast to PiB's radioactive half life of 20 minutes. The longer life allows the tracer to accumulate significantly more in the brains of people with AD, particularly in the regions known to be associated with beta-amyloid deposits. Development Since the disease was first described by Alois Alzheimer in 1906, the only certain way to determine if a person indeed had the disease was to perform a biopsy on the patient's brain to find distinctive spots on the brain that show the buildup of amyloid plaque. Doctors must diagnose the disease in patients with memory loss and dementia based on symptoms, and as many as 20% ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Steven T
Stephen or Steven is an English first name. It is particularly significant to Christians, as it belonged to Saint Stephen ( ), an early disciple and deacon who, according to the Book of Acts, was stoned to death; he is widely regarded as the first martyr (or " protomartyr") of the Christian Church. The name, in both the forms Stephen and Steven, is often shortened to Steve or Stevie. In English, the female version of the name is Stephanie. Many surnames are derived from the first name, including Stephens, Stevens, Stephenson, and Stevenson, all of which mean "Stephen's (son)". In modern times the name has sometimes been given with intentionally non-standard spelling, such as Stevan or Stevon. A common variant of the name used in English is Stephan ( ); related names that have found some currency or significance in English include Stefan (pronounced or in English), Esteban (often pronounced ), and the Shakespearean Stephano ( ). Origins The name "Stephen" (and its com ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Amyloidosis
Amyloidosis is a group of diseases in which abnormal proteins, known as amyloid fibrils, build up in tissue. There are several non-specific and vague signs and symptoms associated with amyloidosis. These include fatigue, peripheral edema, weight loss, shortness of breath, palpitations, and Orthostatic hypotension, feeling faint with standing. In AL amyloidosis, specific indicators can include enlargement of the tongue and periorbital purpura. In wild-type ATTR amyloidosis, non-cardiac symptoms include: bilateral carpal tunnel syndrome, lumbar spinal stenosis, biceps tendon rupture, Small fiber peripheral neuropathy, small fiber neuropathy, and autonomic dysfunction. There are about 36 different types of amyloidosis, each due to a specific Proteopathy, protein misfolding. Within these 36 proteins, 19 are grouped into Organ-limited amyloidosis, localized forms, 14 are grouped as Systemic disease, systemic forms, and three proteins can identify as either. These proteins can become ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cerebral Cortex
The cerebral cortex, also known as the cerebral mantle, is the outer layer of neural tissue of the cerebrum of the brain in humans and other mammals. It is the largest site of Neuron, neural integration in the central nervous system, and plays a key role in attention, perception, awareness, thought, memory, language, and consciousness. The six-layered neocortex makes up approximately 90% of the Cortex (anatomy), cortex, with the allocortex making up the remainder. The cortex is divided into left and right parts by the longitudinal fissure, which separates the two cerebral hemispheres that are joined beneath the cortex by the corpus callosum and other commissural fibers. In most mammals, apart from small mammals that have small brains, the cerebral cortex is folded, providing a greater surface area in the confined volume of the neurocranium, cranium. Apart from minimising brain and cranial volume, gyrification, cortical folding is crucial for the Neural circuit, brain circuitry ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
